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THE EFFECT
OF EMPLOYMENT ON SANDWICH GRADUATE AT THE LABOUR MARKET
ABSTRACT
The study
examined the effect of employment on sandwich graduate at the labour market,
case study of University of Lagos. In this study, relevant and related
literature review was carried out under sub-headings. The descriptive research
survey was used in order to assess the opinions of the respondents with the use
of the questionnaire and the sampling technique. A total of 200 (two hundred)
respondents were selected and used as samples of this study to represent the
entire population of the study. A total four (4) null hypotheses were
formulated and used in this study. the test instrument was the t-test
statistical tool at 0.05 level of significance. At the end of the exercise, the
following results emerged: there is a significant effect of sandwich programme
on employment of sandwich graduates at the labour market, there is a
significant difference in employment between sandwich graduates and full-time
graduates of University of Lagos, there is a significant gender difference in
the employment of sandwich graduates due to type of academic programme in the school,
and there is a significant difference in employment of sandwich graduates as a
result of age barrier. Based on the conclusions reached in this study, the
following recommendations were made: the sandwich graduates should not be
discriminated against due to age disparity of the students in question and in
terms of issuance of certificate, the certificates given to the sandwich
graduates should not be written part-time or sandwich different from those
issued to the full-time graduates.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
of the Study
The growing
and expanding economic responsibilities of governments at the federal and state
levels, have affected the capability of governments to continuously recruit
adequately qualified teachers to meet with the expanding students’ enrolment in
Nigerian secondary schools. Therefore, the use of Sandwich Programmes and
part-time programmes of tertiary institutions in Nigeria, remains a dependable
source of improving serving teachers professional academic quality as well as
improving the number of teachers for Nigerian secondary schools quantitatively
without sacrificing quality and standards (Mezieobi, 2006).
According to
Mkpa (1997), the essence of Sandwich and Part-time teacher-education is to
provide opportunity for the intellectual development and competence of teachers
in their professional assignment or interested persons in teacher-education who
would not be accommodated in the regular school based programmes as a result of
job protection and maintenance of their family socio-economic responsibilities
as adults.
Interestingly,
the much vaunted distance education programme, promoted by Obasanjo regime in
the year 2000 is ideal in improving access to education, but is frustrated by
the non-provision of feasible communication gadgets and adequately packaged
programmes, epileptic power supply, lack of trained manpower in distance or
sandwich learning and effective machinery to monitor its implementation.
Education innovation as sandwich and part-time teacher-education programmes are
meant to provide wide access to human resources development in
teacher-education (Dashen, 2002).
The great
response of would-be learners to part-time study and sandwich programmes in
this period of economic down-turn cannot be over stressed. This is because,
many are willing to go to school on a full-time basis and to do nothing but
reading. But with the prevailing socio-economic condition in our society, many
a learner concludes that an individual has to engage in a job that would fetch
the individual a regular pay before embarking on any study programe. Hence, it
is a common sight these days to find candidates rushing into the sandwich
programmess which is absolutely seasonal, leaving the rest of the year to
gainful employment (Makinde, 1996).
It is not
surprising that the majority of the candidates for such a programme are adults
considering the varied mix of their vocational and non-vocational interests and
especially, the barriers placed in their way to full-time study programmes such
as the problems arising from domestic lives, work and study (Afe, 1990).
According to Afe (1990), a survey of sandwich students’ age ranges, one would
agree that the ages range between 25 and 51 by which time they are expected to
be independent of parents’ or guardians’ care. Over 70% of them are married
with children.
Interestingly,
interests of sandwich students have increased generally in continuing education
as evidenced by the number of Colleges of Education which rose from less than 8
to about 17 by the late 70s. External candidates are at present being trained
for the Nigerian Certificates in Education by the NTI – National Teachers’
Institute Centres, and other centres with different labels like the
Project-Time in the production of more teachers in our schools. The essence of
this according to Ilogu (1996), is to cushion the effect of population
explosion brought about by the execution of the National Develompent Plans
(1960 – 1985) as well the Universal Primary Education (UPE) of the 70s.
Makinde
(2001) puts it, the consequent rise in the number of secondary school leavers
these days, compared to the fall in the number of new entrants into the
universities yearly is generating much interest within institutions of higher
learning. Equally, the Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) is not
helping matters due to the unprecedented cut via cut off points in the
admission quota into the different facilities. Most adults would be learners
who are disadvantaged as primary focus is on the emerging youth. Little wonder
then the organisation of sandwich programmes in some Nigerian universities.
A sign of
the above is contained in the functions of the Institute of Education. They are
among others:
(a) to organize in-service training and other
courses and programmes for teachers;
(b) to
hold conferences, conduct seminars and organize study programmes;
(c) to organize pre-service, in-service and
continuing education courses for teachers and educators and
(d) to bridge the gap between the “Gown” and
the “Town” through programmes relevant to the current needs of the society it
serves.
The National
Policy on Education (1981), stipulates that the least qualifications of the
primary school teachers would be the National Certificate in Education (NCE) as
soon as the 6-3-3-4 system commenced. As we are all aware, many sets of SSCE
graduates have been turned out. This presupposes that most secondary teachers
who were hitherto holders of the NCE certificate must of necessity, improve
upon their academic standards to properly fit in to the secondary school system
or face re-assignment to the primary school sector (Madufor, 2000).
There is no
doubt that employment of sandwich graduates has been hampered by the kind of
programme (sandwich) they have undergone in school. Despite the fact that
sandwich graduates do not any longer have sandwich written on their
certificates, yet they do not get employment in the labour market as the
full-time graduates. That is to say that they are grossly discriminated against
in the labour market. For instance, many employers, according to Munachi
(2000), prefer to employ or engage those who graduated in the full-time
programme than the sandwich graduates. The perception of the employers is that
sandwich or part-time students were not thorough bred in their chosen academic
fields, and therefore, do not have content mastery. They also assume that those
who graduated from sandwich programme are already old individuals who could
work productively and effectively if employed.
According to
Onwuama (2001), these days, the employability of graduates solely depends on
their types of programme in school, their age and their grade points. Onwuama
submitted that individual graduates who are relatively young, who passed
through the full-time programme and finished up with first class or second
upper division are required for employment than those who finished on second
class lower, third class or who passed through the part-time or sandwich
programme. This is as a result of lack of employment in the country, which has
made the employers of labour to adopt a stiff approach in order to eliminate
some candidates who seek employment in the labour market.
1.2Statement
of the Problem
The effect
of employment on sandwich graduates at University of Lagos cannot be
overstressed. There is no doubt that employment of sandwich graduates has been
hampered by the kind of programme (sandwich) they have undergone in school.
Despite the fact that sandwich graduates do not any longer have sandwich written
on their certificates, yet they do not get employment in the labour market as
the full-time graduates. That is to say that they are grossly discriminated
against in the labour market. For instance, many employers, according to
Munachi (2000), prefer to employ or engage those who graduated in the full-time
programme than the sandwich graduates. The perception of the employers is that
sandwich or part-time students were not thorough bred in their chosen academic
fields, and therefore, do not have content mastery. They also assume that those
who graduated from sandwich programme are already old individuals who could
work productively and effectively if employed.
The above
problems propelled this researcher to examine the effect of employment on
sandwich students at the labour market, a study of graduates of University of
Lagos.
1.3Purpose
of the Study
The
objectives of this study include to:
(1) Find out whether sandwich programme
affects graduates employment at the labour market.
(2) Examine whether there is difference in
employment between sandwich graduates and full-time graduates of University of
Lagos.
(3) Investigate whether there is gender
difference in the employment of sandwich graduates due to type of academic
programme.
(4) Find out whether the employment of
sandwich graduates differ as a result of age.
1.4Research
Questions
The
following research questions were raised in this study:
1. Will sandwich programme affect
graduates employment at the labour market?
2. Will there be any difference in
employment between sandwich graduates and full-time graduates of University of
Lagos?
3. How can we investigate whether
there is gender difference in the employment of sandwich graduates due to type
of academic programme?
4. To what extent will the employment
of sandwich graduates differ as a result of age?
1.5Research
Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses will bee formulated and tested:
1. There will be no significant effect
of sandwich programme on employment of sandwich graduates at the labour market.
2. There will be no significant
difference in employment between sandwich graduates and full-time graduates of
University of Lagos.
3. There will be no significant gender
difference in the employment of sandwich graduates due to type of academic
programme.
4. There will be no significant
difference in employment of sandwich graduates as a result of age.
1.6Significance
of the Study
This study
will be beneficial to some people and group of individuals:
(1) The sandwich students would benefit
from the results and recommendations of this study because, it will help them
to understand the effect of employment on sandwich programme. Not only that,
this study will enable students to understand some other factors that militate
against being gainfully employed especially at labour market.
(2) The lecturers would be more aware
through this study, the implication of students’ (sandwich) programme on their
employment at the labour market. Lecturers and indeed, other teachers at other
levels of Nigerian educational system, would be able to appreciate the
relationship between type of programme and students’ employment at the labour
market.
(3) School Authority will be able to
understand more effectively, students’ situations as regards study and work.
With the results and recommendations of this study, the school authorities
would be able to give concession to those who engage in routine work and also
enroll in sandwich programmes to update their academic profiles.
(4) The society will be well informed
through the findings and recommendations of this study. With this study, the
society will be aware that type of study affects students’ employment in the
labour market.
1.7Scope of
the Study
The study
covers the effect of employment on sandwich graduates at the labor market, a
study of University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos.
1.8Limitation
of the Study
In this
study, finance, time-frame and other logistics would pose considerable
constraints in the effective completion of this study.
1.9Definition
of Terms
Operational
terms would be defined in this study in the followings:
(1) Employment: In this study, it means
the work an individual does to eke out a living.
(2) Sandwich or Part-time Students: This
is the school programme in which students are allowed to enroll in academics at
a part-time level or arrangement. It is different from full-time study.
(3) Constraints: This is what hinders or
prevents something to succeed effectively.
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