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INFLUENCE OF
NIGERIAN HOME VIDEO MOVIES ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN ENUGU SOUTH L.G.A
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Movies are a
term that encompasses individual motion picture, the field of movies as an art
form, and the motion picture industry. Movies are produced by recording images
with cameras, or by creating image using animation or special effects.
Movies are
cultural artifacts created by special cultures which reflect those cultures,
and in turn affects them. Movie is entertainment, and a powerful method for
educating or indoctrinating citizens.
The visual
elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication.
Traditional movies are made up of a series of individual images called frames.
When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion
that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between the
frame due to an effect known as persistence of vision. (i.e. a situation
whereby the eye retains a visual image for a fraction of a second after the
source has been removed.) Viewers perceive motion due to a psychological effect
called beta movement. The origin of the name “movies” come from the fact that
photographic movies (also called movie stock) has that historically been the
primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. In Nigeria, the
cinema is a developing industry that has become increasingly productive in
recent years. Although Nigerian movies have been produced since 1960s, the rise
of digital cinema has resulted in growing video movie industry.
The Nigeria
video feature movie industry is sometimes known as Nollywood. In areas of
presentation, Nigeria early movies has presented common occurrences prevalence
in Nigeria movie and tropical at that time, for instance, in “Kongi’s Harvest,”
the first Nigeria movie which has a satirical commentary on the Nigeria’s first
republic, the intrigue of power and politics in a newly independent state was
vividly portrayed.
Unlike
recent productions, early African movies presented true life situation and
environment. It didn’t employ the special effect since there were computers to
aid the technology. The early movies were landmarks production because of the
language used and the novelty of the medium. Thus they were considered best in
the history of movies in Nigeria and Africa in general.
Since movies
combined sight and sound, it makes double impact in affecting the psychology of
one who is involve in the sensory process of watching the movies (Adesanye,
1997:15). This impact could be either positive or negative. The tasks before
the movie industry is affecting the society through its audience, is presented
and who it is presented are very necessary for the sake of the audience and
societal development.
1.2
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
In
pre-colonial Nigeria, the village folktale and festivals provided enough
entertainments. The grandparents used to put out mats and bamboo seats outside
and tell stories whenever the moon hit in the sky.
The story
teller started to die when the colonial maters brought the cinema. This marked
the advent and development of movie in Nigeria. The colonial maters cinema
presented movie of the western colonies and colonial rule, and were initially
presented in the English Language.
The colonial
cinema was not good enough for the Nigerian people because it presented only
what would interest the colonial society. The cinema was also used as a medium
through which the information was disseminated. There was also cinema for
instructions and documents. The colonial government first brought instrumental
cinema to Nigeria in the 1920s to counter the influence of Nollywood movies in
it colonies. Therefore, according to Shaka (2000:1), through the successful
pioneering efforts of William Seller, the use of movie as a medium of
instruction and propaganda of government programmes was extended to other
British territories. Inspite of its success, serious effort was made to
institutionalized cinema until 1939 when the colonial movie unit (CFU) was
established.
The colonial
movie unit on its establishment in 1939 by the ministry of information became
not a medium for further informing and educating the colonies, rather it was
for furtherance of British defense and war strategies in the ongoing world war
11. It was used as a medium of spreading war propaganda in the colonies in aid
of the British was effort.
The
propaganda movie went on until after the war when the central offices of
information (COI) replace the ministry of information (MOI). Therefore the
colonial movie unit became a unit or department of the central office of information
between 1945 and 1950, the British colonial movie unit established about twelve
movies producing units in Africa including a movie training school.
This
development could not blind the African movie scholars as they saw the colonial
movie unit instructional movie could not be separated or distinguished from
propaganda against the black race. The cinema continued in Nigeria but on a
different pedestal and under the supervision of a different body. The
distribution system continued to be largely closed to indigenous movie masters,
supplying American, Indian and Chinese movies. This was in 1970s when the
Nigeria feature production began.
British
colonial movie unit helped in introducing some cinematic technology and skills
in the country. The early Nigerian movie had some connection with African.
Americans, one of which is Ossie Davis who has directed several movies in
Nigeria in the 1970s with (Okome, 1995:25). The Nigerian movie industry came
into existence as revolt against colonialism, since movies is believed to be
most potent weapon by which one identifies a nation. Its images, culture,
aspiration and achievement. The early Nigerian movie – makers tried to impress
these ideas on the minds of the audience through their movies. The ability of
the movie to combine sight and sound (seeing and hearing) is to create its
powerful attribute.
The
establishment of movie industry in Nigeria was to serve as a tool for moral and
cultural instructions and projections in the hands of those who are anxious to
improve their country. One may not be totally wrong to say that the Nigeria
movie industry is the process of projecting this rich cultural heritage has
also helped to upset the psychology of audience especially the children
audience. Due to the impact created, the Nigerian movie and video censors board
was established to classify movie in Nigeria. One of the criteria which the
board uses is censoring movie is moral standards, that is movie that are meant
for mature audience and those once children can watch. But Nigerian Children
still watch those movies meant for adults because their parents unwillingly
make those movies available at home. It is therefore in view of this that this
study focuses on the influence of home video on the children.
1.3
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It could be
wrong to say that Nigeria home movie industry in running smoothly without any
problem. The industry is faced with problems despite its prospect.
Indiscriminate movie production may not necessarily be a problem to the
industry, rather a competition between the private movie makers. Productions
are not only rushed to meet up with competition, but there is also a problem of
lack of qualitative script writing in many of the movie they produce.
The above
bits sum up to a big problem of discriminate presentation of movies packed with
charms, magic and fetish items, in about every ten to twelve movies released in
Nigeria, about eight present these and they are either used for killing,
getting rich or for protection. Since movies are meant to portray the culture
and tradition of people, this implies that every average Nigerian is a
potential charmer, doctor or cultist.
The increase
in the number of cults in higher institution even permeating the secondary
school level is alarming. Violence has been the order of the day in Nigerian
citadel of learning, of this anti-social behaviour like cultism, prostitution,
crime, etc among secondary school student. There is popular aphorisms which
posit that there is no smoke without fire: as a result, the following become
pertinent. How do Nigeria video movie influence secondary school student in
Enugu South L.G.A.
1.4
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The
objectives of carrying out this study are as follows:
1. To
determine how Nigerian home video movies influence secondary school student in
Enugu South L.G.A
2. To find
out the relationship between viewing of home video movies by the secondary
school student and their involvement in anti-social behaviour
3. To find
out if home video movies can help in curbing social ills in our society
4. To find
out whether the home video movies have positive values for the youth,
especially secondary school student
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
This study
attempts to answer the following questions
1. How do
Nigerian home video movies influence secondary school student in Enugu South
L.G.A?
2. Is there
any relationship between viewing of the home video movies by secondary school
student and their involvement in anti – social behaviour?
3. Do video movies
produced in Nigeria have positive values for the children and youths especially
secondary school student?
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
dwells more on the important of qualitative home video production and the
Influence of immoral once on the children audience. This study will be an
indispensable contribution to knowledge by making positive inputs in developing
literature on movie production and presentation.
Apart from
being an indispensable contribution to knowledge, it is important because it
will expose the problem. Some movies pose to their audiences. It is also
present or suggests possible ways to the movie industry in its future
production of movie that will aid social development and good moral upbringing
for its child audience.
1.7 SCOPE OF
THE STUDY
This study
centres on Nigeria home video or movies industry as well as its effect or
influence on children. This study will not only observe the trends in the
different movies produced in Nigeria, but will further give a critical appraisal
of the Nigeria movies industry, its concept, its production, and general
presentation. This study will also appraise studies on the influence of movies
on children in other countries. The numbers of school utilized in this study
are four secondary schools in Etinan L.G.A. home video movies
1.8
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This work is
limited to the Nigerian movie industry, with particular reference to the
children audience (student). Lack of finance and transportation problems acted
as a barrier in the course of carrying out the research. The unco-operative
attitude of some students to the questionnaires to them as a constraint to the
researcher. The teachers and principals of their schools constituted a major
problem (time wastage) in terms of delaying the researcher in the course of
issuing out questionnaires to the students due to the fact that they wanted to
ascertain the authenticity of my identify as a university of Etinan student and
the purpose of the research. home video movies
1.9
DEFINITIONS OF OPERATIONAL TERMS
CHILDREN:
The term refers to the offspring or group of people distinct from the adult
that must be protected in a family and society in general. It also refers to a
boy or a girl varying in age and behaviour free from adult responsibilities,
i.e. between the age of ten and eighteen years.
PSYCHOLOGY:
This refers to a study of human behaviour, conscience, mental and emotional
process in relations to physical activities of the body. In this research, it
refers to the reaction of the human mind in relation to visual or physical
perception or activities around its environment with particular reference to
student
AUDIENCE:
For this research, audience means anyone (student who is exposed to any image
shown on the screen.
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