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CHILD EDUCATION THROUGH
BARNEY AND FRIENDS EPISODE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
Why do children watch television? According to Schramm
et.al., (1961), the first reason is the existence of passive enjoyment which
entertains the children themselves. Secondly, the increase of knowledge from
the television without the need to search for it and thirdly, the function of
television itself as a social purpose in accordance with knowledge which has
been available on television that can serve as a topic for communication and
the reason for being around people. According to Hardenbergh (2009), nowadays
people are keen to watch television because of television itself which creates
images that attract attention and because of audio effects which stimulate the
eyes to keep watching. Meanwhile there is an increase in channels through
transmission devices such as cable and satellite and also transfer from analog
to digital transmission.
According to Piaget (1952), children under two in
sensory stage level point out that senses and action show to children that
objects and images on television feel different from those experienced in real
life, Lemish (2007). During this stage also, the children in early childhood
are acquiring language and they will develop representational thinking skills
which means allowing the children to talk about and express their experiences
of television.
Television is a world full of images. Various
programmes are designed specifically for children whether it is educational pogramme
or not and this programme were keeping pace with world developments. Early
childhood are interested in television programme that give them entertainment
and joyful. Educational pogrammes like Sesame Street, Barney and Friends,
Teletubies, Blue Clues, and others are one of the examples that children among
early childhood like to watch. However, non-educational television programme
also aired on tv as a programme that can entertain children like cartoons.
According to Woodard and Gridina (2000), Barney and Friends was on number five
on top ten last co-viewed shows and also on most encouraged programme and
channels by parents.
Educational toys
(sometimes called "instructive toys")[1] are objects of play,
generally designed for children, which are expected to stimulate learning. They
are often intended to meet an educational purpose such as helping a child
develop a particular skill or teaching a child about a particular subject. They
often simplify, miniaturize, or model activities and objects used by adults.
Although children are
constantly interacting with and learning about the world, many of the objects
they interact with and learn from are not toys. Toys are generally considered
to be specifically built for children's use. A child might play with and learn
from a rock or a stick, but it would not be considered an educational toy
because 1) it is a natural object, not a designed one, and 2) it has no
expected educational purpose.
The difference lies in
perception or reality of the toy's intention and value. An educational toy is
expected to educate. It is expected to instruct, promote intellectuality,
emotional or physical development. An educational toy should teach a child
about a particular subject or help a child develop a particular skill. More toys
are designed with the child's education and development in mind today than ever
before.
1.2
Statement of the problem
Children come into the world knowing nothing, and
actively construct knowledge through manipulating and exploring their world.
Today, as we can see, television plays an important role in early children’s
lives and socialization. Television is the national hearth. In some homes it is
a steady backdrop from morning till night. Many families arrange their
schedules, their meals, their conversation, and even their furniture around the
television set. Children will learn and explore the world through
television. Television can also be
considered as taking over the care of the early child. This is because
according to Singer and Singer (2001), in early childhood, children spend more
than three hours per day watching television.
Hundreds of studies have shown that violent television
programmes contribute to aggressive behavior and negative impact among viewers.
Not all television programmes are the same and they do not all produce the same
impact among viewers. Same as educational programmes and non-educational
programme that children watch will have a different impact on children among
early childhood. But if we believe that children can learn negative lessons
from television, then it stands to reason that they can learn positive lessons,
too. From the above findings, it is important that children should watch
programmes which stimulate their overall development since they are spending
long hours in front of television. So it
is necessary to ascertain that programmers especially of educational television
programmes include elements which facilitate their development in cognitive,
social and academic improvement.
Studies have reported that educational television
programmes are improving the cognitive development of children. Development is
changing qualitatively which is the change that cannot be measured in quantity
but shows different character from the previous stages (Mohd Sharani Ahmad,
2004). The process of children’s cognitive development is more closely related
to surrounding factors. For normal children, their speaking skill is closely
related to their hearing (Wan Asma Wan Ismail, 2002). Children are attracted to
sounds. Many children will be attracted to watch Barney and Friends when they
hear the songs and music in the programme.
Therefore, in this aspect when children are exposed to
a variety of television programmes, especially like Barney and Friends
programme, it will most probably influence the growth of their cognitive.
However, this is yet to be proven. Furthermore, there is still not much
information pertaining to the topic discussed. Realizing the concerns over
television’s potential contribution to a broad range of positive or negative
impact on children’s early childhood, a study is needed to answer several
related research problems, namely:
(i) Does
watching Barney and Friends programme have significant impact between two
groups at pre assessment on cognitive development among early childhood?
(ii) Does
watching Barney and Friends programme have significant impact between two groups
at post assessment on cognitive development among early childhood?
Children the world over,
from those living with the most sophisticated families in big cities to those
living in remote villages in developing countries, spend much time 'just
playing.' Of course, only grown-ups would put the word 'just' in the previous
sentence, implying that somehow play is an indulgence only the very young are
entitled to and that nothing much is happening when children play.
1.3
Objectives of the
study
1. 1. To examine the impact of Barney and
Friends programme between two groups at
pre assessment on cognitive development among early childhood.
2. 2. To examine the impact of Barney and
Friends programme between two groups at
post assessment on cognitive development among early childhood.
3.
1.4
Research
questions
4. 1. What is the impact of Barney and
Friends programme between two groups at
pre assessment on cognitive development among early childhood.
5. 2. What is the impact of Barney and
Friends programme between two groups at
post assessment on cognitive development among early childhood.
1.5
Research
hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship
between toys and child education
H1: There is a relationship
between toys and child education
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