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KNOWLEDGE
AND PRACTICE OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG MALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS OF COLLEGE OF
EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Contraceptives are drugs or device used to
prevent a woman from being pregnant and also used to protect men and women from
sexually transmitted diseases. How can
this be driven home is truth to our adolescences, utilized to reduce our
teaming population and to reduce the diseases that are sexually transmitted. The project was done in March – July 2010.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge and improve the
practice of this knowledge in our teaming adolescent population bearing in mind
that a good beginning will eventually grow to a good end.
METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done
using quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Though sample size was calculated for a
finite population, the total population of student respondents was used for the
study. Data collection was by use of a
seria structured questionnaire and an observational check list.
RESULTS: The mean age of the student respondents was 25 + 5 years. All the respondents are male adolescent
students. The knowledge of contraception
in this group was 86.1% as against those who had as knowledge of 13.9%; the
practice of contraceptive use has 77% while abstinence ws 6.6% and withdrawal
5.5% respectively. The subject of study
of the students did not influence the knowledge and practice of contraception
so also is their year of study. The mass
media and peer group were found to be their main sources of information that
contraceptives and their parents’ being alive or dead did not also influence
their practice.
CONCLUSION: the students who had good knowledge of
contraception affirmed that they will continue to practice it. The cultural values of students did not
influence their practice of male contraception.
The mass media a veritable means of communication should be effectively
used to cover both urban and rural areas in order to stimulate more adolescent
to the use of male contraception.
Parents, teachers, health
practitioners should do more to give adolescents such advice to help in their
proactive ability and the need to adequate control of sexuality related
activities.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The Oxford Advanced Learners’
Dictionary of Current English defines “Contraceptives as a drug, device of
practice used to prevent a woman becoming pregnant.”1 This definition though
well embracing but does not include its utilization as a preventive measure
against the spread of sexually transmitted diseases; such as AIDS/HIV. The act of contraception has been an old
practice even from our forefathers who designed the timing of mating with their
wives or not depending on whether they want to make babies. They have a mental picture of when the
monthly menstrual flow of their wives takes place or how long their wives have
to breast feed their babies to avoid unwanted pregnancies. Some traditional women even go through the
extra-mile of wearing contraceptive bands on their waist to prevent unwanted
pregnancies.
Each year, women around the world
experience 75 million unwanted pregnancies.
Unwanted pregnancy can occur for two main reasons; either the couple was
not using contraceptives, or the method they were using failed. There are many reasons why people do not use
contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancy, including lack of access to
family planning information and services; incest or rape; personal or religious
beliefs; inadequate knowledge about the risks of pregnancy following
unprotected sexual relations; and women’s limited decision-making ability with
regard to sexual relations and contraceptive use.2 Many women are deprived of
family planning services.
The use of contraceptives by both
males and females has been accepted and widely practiced in the developed
world. This has not been the case in the
developing world where the male chauvinistic cultural belief that women should
protect themselves from unwanted pregnancies; instead of the men also making it
possible to use contraceptives. The act
of child bearing is the combined effort of both males and females, but in the
developing world; it is seen as a primary function of the female gender. This is the reason why the usage of
contraceptives among men in these areas has not been encouraged as the female
contraceptives. The patriarchal nature of the African society does not seem to
help or encourage male contraception rather it makes men to believe that they
do not have any role to play in reproductive health.
In the developed world, the
populace has overgrown the persistent myths and negative attitude of men
towards contraception. However, the fact
that male contraception in the underdeveloped countries has not been encouraged
has led to the paucity of information about it and also reduced the quest for
knowledge in this area. Studies show that
men want access to better contraceptives.
In a recent study of British men, 80% placed a hypothetical male pill as
one of their top three contraceptive choices (Brooks, 1988)3. Another study found that over 60% of men in
Germany, Spain, Brazil and Mexico were willing to use a new method of male
contraception (Heinemaan, 2006).4 In
another study on “why Nigeria adolescent seek abortion rather than
contraception: Evidence from focus group
discussions” where youths were asked about contraceptive availability,
perceived advantages of method used, side effects and young people’s reasons
for using or not using contraceptives?
It was found that the fear of future infertility was an overriding
factor in adolescent decisions to rely on induced abortion rather than
contraception.5
Methods of
Contraception - are more in the female
gender than the male.
Those of the female include:
The Combined
Pill: These are oral contraceptives
which are eniphasic and biphasic pills, Everyday /Ed pills. They are 99% effective when properly
taken. They contain two hormones –
estrogen and progistogen, and acts by preventing ovulation when taken
regularly.
Mini
Pill: Progestogen pill only. Its 98% effective when taken properly and
regularly any day at the same time. It
causes changes in the womb which makes it difficult for the sperm to enter the
womb.
Injectable
Contraceptives: They include
Depo-provera and Noristerat. Its
effective to 99% of cases. It also stops
ovulation by acting in a similar way to the mini pill. It provides protection for up to 3 months
longer. It may cause irregularity in her
periods and break through bleeding.
Intra
Uterine Device: Its 96 – 99%
effective. It’s a plastic device or with
copper inserted into the womb by the doctor and it prevents the ovum or egg
from settling in the womb.
Diaphragm or
Cap: Its 85-97% effective with careful
use. It is a soft rubber device put into
the vagina before intercourse, to cover the cervix, and form a barrier which
prevents sperm from meeting the egg. It
must be used with a spermicide and left in place for six hours after
intercourse.
Sponge: It is 75 – 91% effective, with careful
use. It’s a soft circular polyenthrane
foam sponge, put into the vagina up to 24 hours before intercourse, to cover
the cervix. It already contains a
spermicide.
Female
Sterilization: It’s a permanent method
of birth control in which the fallopian tubes are closed so that the egg cannot
travel down than to meet the sperm. Its
effective for life but has occasional failure rate of 1:300 where the tube
rejion and fertility returns.
Natural
Methods (‘Safe Period’ ‘Rhythm method’).
Its 85 – 95% effective. It aims
to predict ovulation when the woman is most fertile intercourse is avoided at
this time. This symptom-thermal method
requires daily recording of body temperature, noting changes in vaginal nuclear
and other signs of ovulation.
The male
contraceptive measures include:
a. Condom: It is effective in 85 – 98% of cases with
careful use. Its made up of a thin
rubber and worn on an erect penis. It
prevents sperm from entering the woman.
It protects both partners against sexually transmitted diseases and also
protects the woman against cancer of the cervix.
b. Male Sterilization
(Vasectomy): It’s a permanent method
which involves the cutting or blocking of the tubes that carry sperm from the
testes (vas deferens) to the penis. It
is a permanent method of contraception like the tubal ligation in females. Another method of contraception needs to be
used for about 3 months after vasectomy so as to clear the whole sperm from the
tube. Occasional failure of this method
occurs in 1:100 cases.
c. Withdrawal Method: This method is usually not effective but its
practiced by some own. They withdraw the penis before ejaculation takes place
during orgasm. Its not effective because
it does not take care of sperm which are passed into the vagina before orgasm
takes place.
Emergency
Contraception: This is method of
preventing pregnancy after having unprotected sexual intercourse or if you had
a contraceptive accident or misuse (such as condom breakage, failed coitus
interruptus) and in case of rape. There
are two common methods which can be used in emergency contraception:
a. Emergency contraceptive pills
(ECPs)
b. Copper intra-uterine device
(IUDs).
These two
methods must be used within few days of unprotected sexual intercourse. They are safe for most women. The ECPs contain the same hormones used in
family planning pills but are used differently.
They either stop the release of the egg or prevent fertilization of an
egg. The IUDs immobilize sperms, slow
down sperm movement, prevent fertilization of the egg and cause changes in the
uterine lining which prevent pregnancy.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
It is true that sexual education in
most of our homes are poor, with the belief that being sexually educated will
make the student to be promiscuous or to test what they have learnt. But we all know that our society have
overgrown such belief, and they will always have coitus, whether they are
educated or not. They will always be influenced by their peer groups and those
who are not yet exposed will learn the act in a negative way. This being the case, the onus now rests on
adults to educate the teenage or early adult group on what the reproductive
organs stand for, the usage of contraceptives to reduce the incidence of
unwanted pregnancies or even infections in the reproductive system.
The need for this study is to
stimulate parents and school authorities to educate our younger generations to
be well equipped with the knowledge of family planning. Failure of this taking place will lead to an
increase in the number of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases
and undue population rise in the society.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY
Over the years, especially in
Africa, the need for contraception and control of population using female
methods of the pill, injectables etc have been adapted. Before now only the condom and withdrawal
method has been used by men.
The increasing need for male
contraception cannot be over-emphasized as humans are more aware of the fact
that, there need to be a greater co-operation between spouses for family and
reproductive health to grow and blossom; with greater understanding that
everyone involved will contribute their quota to the success of the family.
To this extent therefore, there is
the dire need for the study of this nature to identify the contraceptive
devices possibly of use now, the knowledge of their use, how well adolescent
comply with their use, in order to educate them so that they could have a good
beginning in their understanding of choosing when to have children and when not
to. This is done with the wisdom that a
good beginning when well nurtured will bring about a good end.
This study will give us an overview
of the perception or knowledge, the usage or practice of contraception among
these adolescent which will again enable us to educate them on what good
practice of family or reproductive health should be. This will translate into a better moral
upbringing of the society around us.
On-Going
Research: There are many ongoing research projects
into different methods of male contraception.
Researchers are optimistic that a safe, effective method of male
contraceptive will eventually become a reality, although this is still several
years away.6
The two main areas of research into male
contraception include:
a. Hormonal Contraception –
where synthetic hormones are used to temporarily stop the development of
healthy sperm.
b. Non-Hormonal Methods – where
other techniques are used to stop healthy sperm from entering a women’s vagina.
1.4 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to
determine the level of awareness of male on contraceptive measures with a view
to improving this knowledge and increasing their compliance to the usage. This will help us in educating them on how to
prevent early pregnancies and its negative effects and or infections to their
young reproductive organs which may lead to secondary infertility in later life.
1.5 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
1. To assess the knowledge of male
students of Federal College of Education Technical Asaba on male contraception.
2. To determine the practice of male
contraception among the students.
3. To assess the factors that influence
the use of these contraceptives in this age group of students.
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