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VALIDATION
OF GINZBERG’S THEORY OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT AMONG UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Man who is mortally created is
subject to many afflictions that can easily bring him down to the grave. In order to create comfort and to enhance his
surviving chances, man has to work hard in order to at least meet up with his
basic needs like food, shelter and clothing.
What is work? Work according to Oxford Dictionary, is the
use of physical strength and mental power in order to do or achieve something. Different individuals worldwide has different
attitude and preference to work. All of
us cannot do the same work. Each of us
has his own interest, ability, personality, aptitude etc to choose the job that
will fit him or her best. This is what we known as career choice.
This study is aimed at validating
Ginzbergs theory of career development among University of Benin
undergraduates. Ginbergs theory of
career development and choice was a study carried out in 1962 by a group of
four speculators headed by Eli Ginzbergs.
They studied the process of career development of every individuals from
childhood to their early 20s and come out with various findings (Detail in Chapter two).
This study is very important because
most individuals these days has no known chosen career and some who are
believed to have choices especially from the educational point of view, has
chosen wrongly. This phenomenon is affecting the growth of the country
economically and technologically.
For example, the problems that may
arise as a result of poor career choice may include the following:
1. Unemployment and unsteady jobs.
2. Lack of skills in job seeking nd easy
access to information about job vacancy.
3. Inability to cope with the real demand of
work and on the job behavior like: inability to accept supervision, inability
to get along with fellow workers and poor working habit.
4. Retrenchments due to incompetence and
unproductiveness.
5. Poor career development and choice may
also be the reason why some professionals sometimes refused to practice their
professions instead, they migrate to other sectors of the economy specially
politics to hold positions different from their field of knowledge. It is a common knowledge to meet graduates of
physics or agricultural science working in financial houses. Lawyers are made commissioners of education,
finance, power, etc.
People are
moving ups and downs the occupational ladder.
Some has lost locus of control in their life career.
Many choose dishonest living to make
ends meet. For example, there are
reports of armed robbery, kidnapping, youth militancy and restiveness,
religious intolerance and prostitution.
Many others lived from hand to mouth
by engaging themselves in menial jobs like, street hawking, truck pushing and
all forms of non-formal occupations.
Many more are good at begging for arms
while those who lacked the common sense and begging skills, roam about and
survived only by what drop from people’s tables to the dust bins.
In the university arena, many
undergraduates are battling with career uncertainty. The problem is not the lack of choice, but
the abundance thereof. There are so many choices, so many opportunities, so
many directions that bewilder and distract the young people. No sooner have they shown a passive interest
in this or that area than they are encouraged to make it their life
careers. Many young people today usually
make choices that are not suited to their personal characteristics and
aspirations because of their inadequate orientation. Egbochukwu (2008) noted that these young
people, come from different religious backgrounds with different personality
make-up, traits and needs. Some are in
the school system to study and get the certificate, which will enable them to
secure their future, while some are there to socialize without really knowing
why they are in school. Some are there
not knowing what course and subject to choose or study nor even how to plan
their time and also developed appropriate skills. Many choose careers under the influence of
parents, friends and peer groups.
Sanra (1995) postulated that, if the
society is not to be plagued by a group of disgruntled, frustrated and
unrealistic individuals it is desirable that careers information be provided to
enable the youths arrived at a realistic choice with due realization of the
limits of their own respective potentials, the available opportunities and the
social expectations in the community.
In support, Okorodudu (2006), also
noted that the counselor will now help the children through the assistant of
parents and teachers to promote the acquisition of various vocational skills of
children. They will be able to match
such skills with the aptitude, attitude, interest and ability of children in
the school system. This will provide children with the opportunity of growing
along with the vocational and technological skills which are congruence with
their personality traits.
1.2 Statement of Problems
All of us cannot do the same
work. Each of us has his/her own
interest, ability, personality, aptitude etc, to choose the job that will fit
him or h er best. This is what we known
as career choice. Most times, university
undergraduates are faced with problems of career choice. Majority of them are having problems of
career uncertainty, lack of adequate orientation towards choosing a befitting
career, parental influence as well as socio-economic status as factors,
militating against their educational and vocational aspirations.
Therefore, this work is framed at
finding out the career developmental stages of the University of Benin students
as related to Ginzbergs theory of career development.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study is to
validate Ginzbergs theory of career development among University of Benin
undergraduates.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The study is essentially to validate
or to investigate the levels of University of Benin undergraduate, career
development in alignment with Ginzbergs theory of career development in order
to uphold the truthfulness of Ginzbergs postulations. The result of this study will serve as career
guidance to students, parents, and educators.
It will also minimized the problems of poor career choice among the
would be labour force.
1.5 Research Questions
1. What is the level of career development
of students in the University of Benin?
2. Is there any relationship between
Ginzbergs findings and results obtained from University of Benin
undergraduates?
3. Is there any environmental influence on
vocational choice?
4. To what extent does the socio-economic
status of the students influence their vocational aspirations?
5. Does Gender differences influence career
decision making and choice?
6. Does career counseling has any influence
on career choice?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference
between Ginzbergs stages of career development and the University of Benin
undergraduates level of career development.
2. There is no significant difference
between Ginzbergs findings and results obtained from University of Benin
undergraduates.
1.7 The Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study is focused only on
University of Benin undergraduates which stands as a unit of all other
universities undergraduates across the nation.
This is adopted specifically due to lack of fund.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Certain words have been variously
used in the course of writing this project work and so, definitions are given.
Validation: To investigate or to measure the
truthfulness and usefulness of an instrument.
Ginzbergs: Ginzbergs is the leader of a
group of four speculators and proponents of a theory – Explaining stages of
career development in an individual. For
further elaboration, see chapter two.
Career: Career is a life long occupation which
an individual chooses for him/herself, plan for it, enter into it and progress
in it.
Theory: A theory is a set of assumptions designed
to explain and predict a phenomenon; opens for further investigation and the
results can be used to develop knowledge and provide basis for making decisions
(Onoyase, 2007).
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