CULTURE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S THE JOYS OF MOTHERHOOD AND CHIMAMANDA ADICHIE’S PURPLE HIBISCUS
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CULTURE AND
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN IN BUCHI EMECHETA’S THE JOYS OF MOTHERHOOD AND
CHIMAMANDA ADICHIE’S PURPLE HIBISCUS
ABSTRACT
Over the
years, the major challenge facing the female folk is discrimination and unfair
treatment in the society. This work discusses cultural practices that
discriminate against women. This research work is a critical analysis of two
African novels: Buchi Emecheta’s The Joy of motherhood, and Chimamanda
Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus. For secondary sources, materials were got from the
internet and library. It is discovered that several cultural practices
discriminate and oppress the female folks. Such practices are identified in the
selected texts for this work and critically examined. It is hoped that an
awareness of such practices will eventually eradicate the social inequalities
that are engendered by such practice in the African society.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
1.1 Purpose of Study.
1.2 Scope and Limitation.
1.3 Research Problems.
1.4 Research Methodology
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Origin of Feminism.
2.1.1 Definition of Feminism
2.1.2 Aims of Feminism.
2.1.3 Types of Feminism.
2.1.4 Feminists in Africa
2.2.0 Discrimination.
2.2.1 Type of Discrimination.
2.2.2 Discrimination against Women
2.3.0 Cultural Against Women
2.3.1 Subordination of Women.
2.3.2 Female Oppression in Widowhood Practices
2.3.3 Female Genital Cutting/Female Circumcision.
2.3.4 Polygamous Practices
2.3.5 Female Sacrifice
Background
Information on Buchi Emecheta and a Synopsis of the Joys of
Motherhood
Chimamanda
Adichie (Purple Hibiscus)
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Practices against Women
3.1.1 Preference of Male over Female Child
3.1.2 Polygamous Practices
3.1.2.1
Acquisition of Concubine
3.1.2.2
Disrespect to Legal Wives
3.1.2.3
Multiple Wives
3.1.3
Maltreatment of Wives by Husbands
3.1.3.1 Wife
Battering
3.1.3.2
Denial of Marital Rights
3.1.3.3
Dereliction of Duties
3.1.4
Marriage and Bride Price
3.1.5 Female
Sacrifice
3.1.5.1
Sacrifice of Life/salve Murder
3.1.5.2
Sacrifice to Gods
3.1.5.3
Sacrifice to Marriage
3.1.6 Widowhood Practices
3.1.6.1
Marriage to Deceased’s Brother
3.1.6.2
Maltreatment of Widows
3.1.6.3
Effect of Widowhood Practices on Families
3.2 Cultural Beliefs about Motherhood
3.2.1. Child
Bearing (Male)
3.3.2 Ensure
Peace and Order
3.2.3
Valuing Children
3.2.4 Being
a Prisoner
3.3 Survival of Women without Men
3.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS OF
PURPLE HIBISCUS
4.0 Introduction.
4.1 Discrimination against women in Purple
Hibiscus
4.1.1 Violence against women
4.1.1.1 Wife
Battering
4.1.1.2 Wife
Enslavery
4.1.1.3 Wife
Desertion
4.1.2 Preference of male to female child
4.1.3 Maltreatment of women by men
4.1.4 Interference in families
4.2 Child Upbringing
4.3 Effect of Parentage on Children
4.4 Effects of Discrimination on Women
4.5 Survival of women without men
4.6 Conclusion.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction.
5.1 Summary.
5.2 Findings.
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Throughout
history women generally have had fewer legal rights and career opportunities
than men, wifehood and womanhood were considered as women’s most significant
professions, and they were long considered naturally weaker than men. Their
rights and being were taken for granted. Silence became the virtue of women but
with education, the silence was broken. Chambers 21st.century dictionary (2004,
p. 327) says:
Culture is
the custom, ideas, values etc of a particular civilization, society or social
group, especially at a particular time, and the appreciation of art, music,
literature etc. improvement and development through care and training.
Reuters .T.
(2011, p.1) reports that; “Discrimination is to distinguish, single out, or
make a distinction in everyday life, when faced with more than one option.” For
the purpose of this research, the definition of women in chambers 21st century
dictionary (2004, p.1631) will be used “women generally: the female sex.”
Wikipedia (2010) assert that; “discrimination against women is the attitude and
beliefs in relation to the female gender that they are less important, such
beliefs and attitudes are of social nature and do not normally carry any legal
consequences.”
With these
definitions, we can therefore define culture and discrimination against women
as the cultural practices against the female folks that support men.
Discrimination against women has become customs passed from generations to
generations. In African, many cultural practices are against women. Women are
beaten by husbands and are always blamed for not been able to produce children.
Even when it is not confirmed that they are responsible for the marital
problems, they suffer for those problems. Married woman could be replaced at
anytime by their husbands because culture supports that men could marry many
women.
Female
children are not always given the best upbringing; they are trained in the
kitchen, instead of school. Male children are brought up well because they are
known to be the people who will take their family from generations to
generation. Therefore, with the use of Buchi Emecheta’s work, The Joys of
Motherhood, many discriminatory acts against woman will be analyzed; to signify
the cultural practices discriminating against women. Also, through the works of
Chimamanda Adichie; Purple Hibiscus, discrimination against women will be
identified. Cultural practices discriminating against women have been on for
long and needs to stop.
PURPOSE OF
STUDY
The study
intends to examine culture and discrimination against women, using two
carefully selected novels as primary data, Buchi Emecheta’s The Joys of
Motherhood and chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus. Using radical
Feminism to show that women should be treated equally as men and that gender
differences is no excuse for discrimination. This research work aim at bringing
out how cultural practices affect women, the pain it brings and the survival of
women.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
Researchers
over the year have worked on how to stop gender inequality, especially
discrimination against women. However it is important we know that some
cultural practices affect women.
This study
is therefore embarked on to discuss the aspects of culture discriminating
against women. Two aspects will be studied in this research the cultural aspect
representing the old using The Joys of Motherhood and the religion aspect
representing the modern period using Purple Hibiscus.
It is hoped
that the proper analysis of this work will ginger writers to the awareness that
much needs to be done on gender inequality in the society. This work will also
contribute to the body of knowledge, and the society in general especially to
the feminist and female folks.
SCOPE AND
LIMITATION
The
researcher finds it difficult to bring out so many cultural practices
discriminating against women, as a result of limited time coupled with
financial constrain available for the study.
As such this
work will analyse culture and discrimination against women only in two selected
novels. The research will also limit its scope on some materials from the
library, internet and the two selected novels: Buchi Emecheta and Chimamanda
The Joys of Motherhood and Purple Hibiscus respectively.
1.4
RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Women have
for long been discriminated against, oppressed and not given equal rights in
life and in literary works, also we cannot but obey the customs and traditions
of our land, however some cultural practices affect women.
Thus, this
study will investigate how some cultural practices discriminate against women,
what women go through because of traditional beliefs and their survival.
1.5RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
This
research work intends to carry out an investigation on culture and
discrimination against women, through the proper analysis of the two carefully
selected novels Buchi Emecheta and Chimamande Adichie: The Joys of Motherhood
and Purple Hibiscus respectively. In analyzing these books radical feminism
will be used. Sotunsa (2008, p.11) reports that:
Radical
Feminism argues that, women’s oppression storms from being categorized as
inferior to men on the basis of gender. Therefore radical Feminism aim to
destroy the sex classed system.
The
researcher uses radical Feminism to challenge male control. This work will
present radical female protagonists, desperate to achieve their aim, not
minding the consequences of their action. Through the female characters in the
two selected novels, proper analysis of how cultural practices discriminate
against women will be identified.
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