INFLUENCE OF EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES AND UTILIZATION ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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INFLUENCE OF
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES AND UTILIZATION ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This study
set out to examine the influence of Educational resources provision, and
utilization on students’ academic performance in public and private secondary
schools in Surulere Local Education Area of Lagos State. The sample consisted
of eight school principals, 80 secondary school teachers an 80 secondary school
students selected through simple random sampling technique. The research
instrument titled “Educational Resources and Students’ Performance
Questionnaire” (ERSPQ) was developed. To guide the study, five null hypotheses
were postulated and statistically tested using the t-test and the Pearson
product Moment Correlation Coefficient. The following findings emerged from the
study: There was a significant difference in the provision and utilization of
physical, material resources and utilization of human resources in public and
private secondary schools sampled;
availability of educational resources has strong positive relationship
with students’ academic performance; availability of human resources has
significant relationship with students’ academic performance in private
secondary schools but not in the public secondary schools; There is a
significant difference between the performances of students of public and
private secondary schools in the three core subjects (English language,
mathematics and Biology) in the Senior Secondary Certificate Examination
(SSCE); students of private secondary schools who were exposed to environment
rich in educational resources recorded a very high performance rate while
students of public secondary schools who are exposed to environment less
endowed with educational resources recorded very low performance rate. Based on
the findings, some recommendations were made to government, school
administrators, parents, teachers and students that could help to improve
students’ academic performances especially in our public secondary
schools.
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
The important
role being played by education in the long-term development of the individual
and the society can be appreciated when one considers the amount of money
invested by various governments and individuals. Education is a process of
human upbringing that involves formal, informal and non-formal acquisition of
knowledge, attitude ad skills for the positive growth of the individual and the
society to which the individual belongs.
It is the
process of training and developing the knowledge, skills, minds and characters
of people. It is the process by which the latent abilities of individuals are
developed so that they may be useful to themselves and the society at large.
The attempt
to perpetuate this fundamental change brought about the idea of public education
and subsequently, the question of sponsorship, and investment by government
into education came up. In most cases, planning, financing and control of
education is the prerogative of most of the government of the day.
The national
policy on education 1989 (revised) has the general objectives for the Nigerian
educational system, which includes the following:
Inculcation
of the right type of values and attitudes for the survival of individual and
the Nigeria society;
Training of
the mind in the understanding of the world around; Acquisition of appropriate
skills, abilities and competences both in mental and physical as equipment for
the individual to live in and contribute to the development of his society.
Each level
of Nigeria educational system has been designed to pursue specific goals. The
National Policy on Education set out the aims of secondary Education in Nigeria
as: Preparation (of the youths) for useful living within the society and
preparation for higher education.
From these
broad aims, the secondary education level has been assigned the more specific
functions to:
Provide an
increasing number of primary school pupils with the opportunity for education
of a higher quality, irrespective of sex, or social, religious and ethnic
background;
Diversify
its curriculum to cater for the differences in talents, opportunities and roles
possessed by or open to students after their secondary school course;
Equip
students to love effectively in our modern age of science and technology;
Develop and
project Nigeria culture, art and language as well as world’s cultural heritage;
Raise a
generation of people who can think of others, respect the dignity of labour,
and appreciate those national aims and live as good citizens foster Nigeria
Unite with emphasis on the common ties that unite us in our diversity; and
Inspire its
students with a desire for achievement and self-improvement both at school and
in later life.
The broad
national objectives of Nigeria educational system and the broad aims of secondary
education seem not separable from the board goals of Nigeria education which
seek to achieve:
· A free and democratic
society
· A just and egalitarian
society
· A united strong and self reliant nation;
· A great and dynamic
economy; and
· A land of full
opportunities for all citizens.
In Nigeria
today, the importance of education in national development cannot be over
emphasized. The belief in the efficacy of school education has resulted in
government’s increasing commitment to the establishment of schools resulting in
expansion of school enrollment at all levels of the nation’s educational
system. (Abdulkareem, 2003).
Education
being the most important instrument of change in the intellectual and social
outlook of any society calls for the improvement of all aspects that aid
educational; achievement of students.
Educational
institutions at all levels therefore, have witnessed an upsurge in their number
and enrolment figures. The rise can be attributed to the rate of population
growth in the country and the increasing awareness for education among the
Nigerian populace.
Out of the
various shades and meanings of the term ‘Secondary Education; Imogie (1984)
based his definition on 1977 National Policy on Education specifications and
define secondary education in Nigeria as the form of education given to
children after primary education and before the tertiary stage of education. He
further observed that, secondary education in Nigeria has become a huge venture
particularly since the 1970s. Secondary education in Nigeria is characterised
by six-years programme to be split into two stages, the junior Secondary School
(JSS) and the Senior Secondary School (SSS) each with a duration of
three-years.
The split
commenced in most of the states in the federation in 1982. There has been a
phenomenal increase in the number of secondary schools both public and private
owned especially since the 1980s. There is also diversified curricula, both in
scope and in content as well as shortage in the supply of instructional
equipments, materials and facilities.
Educational
resources, which serve as input into the educational system have direct
influence on the quality of student’s academic achievement. In essence, there
is need for critical analysis with regards to the quality, quantity and
adequacy of educational resources (Human, Materials, Financial, Physical) if
the broad national aims and objectives and goals of education has to be
achieved.
All
secondary schools in Nigeria irrespective of their location or owners (public
or private) are expected to function in compliance with stated educational
objectives as spelt out in the National Policy on Education. Then, if all
secondary schools (public or private) in Nigeria are expected to achieve the
same objectives, adequate quantity and quality of resources commensurate to the
needs of the individual school and students should be provided.
But, with
Nigeria educational system general and Lagos State in particular, educational
resources are not provided for secondary schools of need basis. More so that,
it is believed in many quarters that the standard of education in Nigeria is
falling especially when people who had their education decades ago look back
nostalgically to those ‘good old times’.
Today,
enrollment in primary and secondary schools is explosive, and doubled the
facilities available. The number of
secondary schools is more than what most states’ governments could cope with.
However, because of the socio-political implication, the only option open to be
states and federal governments is to embark on massive expansion of educational
resources.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The low performance of students at the Senior
Secondary School Certificate and the General Certificate in Education (GCE)
examination especially by students of public secondary school in Lagos State
brings about worries among parents, guardians students, government, educators
and the school itself. Moreso, because of the huge investment on secondary
education.
It becomes
pertinent that factors responsible for such low performances be investigated
especially because students in private secondary schools within the same state
and locality record better performances it the same examination. It is very
obvious that classrooms in Lagos State public schools are usually overcrowded
with over 100 students in a class originally meant for about 40 students.
Many of the
school buildings and structures are dilapidated. Physical and material
resources appeared not to be adequate. Most of the students in the public
schools lack basic textbooks in English, Mathematics, Biology and most of the
relevant school subjects. It is however observed that teachers available to
private schools are not necessarily better in quantity and quality than those
of the public secondary schools in the state.
This study
will therefore look into the influence of educational resources on students’
performance in public and private secondary schools within the study area.
1.3 Purpose OF Study
This study
is aimed at:
Investigating
the provision and utilization of educational resources (physical, Human,
Financial, Materials and Educational Resources Centres) in public and private
secondary schools in the study area:
Finding out
the adequacy or otherwise of education resources in the area under study;
Finding out
any possible disparity in the provision of educational resources in public and
private secondary schools in the area under study; and
Examining
the extent of relationship between the quantity and quality of educational
resources and students’ academic performance.
1.4 Research Questions
This study
provided answers to the following questions:
Is there any
disparity in the provision of educational resources in public and private
secondary school?
Are teachers
in public secondary schools less qualified than teachers in private secondary
schools?
Of what use
is the adequacy of educational resources to students’ academic performance?
Why do
students of private secondary schools perform better in the same examination
(SSCE) than students of public secondary schools?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The
following hypotheses postulated to guide the study:
v There is no significant difference in the
provision and utilization of physical resources in public and private secondary
schools in the study area:
v There is no significant difference in the
provision and utilization of materials resources in public and private
secondary schools;
v There is no significant difference in the
availability of human resources in public and private secondary schools in the
study area;
v There is no significant relationship
between the availability of educational resources and students’ academic
performance;
v There is no significant difference in the
performances of students of public and private secondary schools in the three
core subjects (English Language, Mathematics and Biology).
1.6 Significant of the Study
This study
would help to update information about the role of educational resources in the
achievement of stated educational goals and objectives, particularly in
secondary schools in Lagos State.
The
information thus discovered would be an eye-opener to parents and guardians on
the impact of educational resources on students’ academic performance in
secondary schools.
This study
would also help educational managers (principals, proprietors, and
proprietresses) to know the areas where these resources are inadequate and how
to judiciously, effectively and efficiently utilize the available ones. It
would help to improve the quality of education in the state and it is hoped
that findings would further reveal more areas for possible research studies.
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study
Although the
problem of the ability of effectively and efficiently achieve intended
educational goals and objectives through adequate provision and utilization of
educational resources is a national one, it is not possible for the researcher
to investigate the whole country in search of the relationship of the adequacy
or otherwise of educational resources on secondary schools students’ academic
performance. In this regard, Surulere Local Education Area (LEA) of Lagos State
has been chosen as the population. Similarly, it is not possible to visit all
the secondary schools in Surulere Local Education Area (LEA) because of certain
constraints including time and finance hence some public and private secondary
schools were selected for study
In the
process of visiting these schools, the researcher will attempt to examine the
availability and utilization of educational resources in public and private
secondary schools in the study area and the extent to which such educational
resources can affect students’ academic performance.
Also,
questionnaires will be administered to school principals, teachers and students
of the secondary schools under study. Data on the academic performance of
students will be collected from school records. The researcher will also
conduct an extensive review of literature by consulting existing body of
knowledge related to the study.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Educational
Resources
Educational
resources are the sum total of the input that goes into the educational system.
Academic
Performance
This refers
to the rate of success in an examination. Throughout this study, the term
‘students’ Academic Performance shall be interpreted as meaning gains made by
students in the SSCE results in five subjects including Mathematics, English Language
and Biology.
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