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THE
INFLUENCE OF CHILD LABOUR ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF PUPILS IN SELECTED PRIMARY
SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This
research was carry out to investigate the influence of child labour on the
academic achievement of the pupil in Abeokuta North Local Government Area of
Ogun State. The subjects of the study were one hundred and ten. Also, the
research design used in this study was survey design. The instrument used in
collecting the data was structured questionnaire with four point like format
while data was coded into frequency count and analysed with the use of simple
percentages. The result indicates that child labour is not a way of training
children to be responsible adult or culture rather it was an intentional
welfare of the child. Furthermore, the major causes of child labour is poverty
which has link with other causes such as broken home, early marriage, wards and
natural disasters and so on. Moreover, the major influences of child labour on
the academic achievement involved were lower intellectual and academic
development, truancy, dropout and so on. Besides programmes such as Universal
Basic Education (UBE), poverty alleviation, enactment and implementation of
laws concerning children’s right, etc
can help to eradicate or reduce child labour to the bearest minimum.
Based on these findings recommendations were made.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A child is
the source of rejuvenation of man and his community (Kalu, 1982). In (1959) the
United Nation general assembly unanimously passed the declaration on the rights
of the child which stated that mankind owns the child the best, it has to give
and that every child is entitled to protection in the early years (adequate
health care, food and social service and prepare for later years without
respect to social status, sex, race and so on).
United
Nation convention and Africa charter (1987) defined a child as every human
below the age of fourteen years old. Children are the largest of human species,
they are the most liberable to abuse in the society. The statement does not by
any means over look the multi directional efforts by the society to protect the
children.
Various form
of child labour still exist in the society, child duty should be differentiated
from child labour. Child duty is the work in which the primary emphasis on
learning, training or socialization.
UNICEF
Nigeria (2001) as such the schedule is light and tends to be geared toward
development the capacity of the child and encouraging their effort in good area
of the decision making progress.
Additionally,
child labour is work essentially exploitative and injurious to the physical,
social, cognitive, and moral development of a child. The phenomenon of child
labour is historical, it has been existence almost as long as the history of
manking. Child labour is now a global problem found over all round developing
countries, especially the region of African, Asia and Latin American.
According to
UNICEF (1994), it is estimated that millions of children are at special risk
because of poverty, wars, natural calamities disabilities and other
circumstance which they may be that is the children in such condition will be
separated from the relative without the protection and security which the
families suppose to provide and are left vulnerable to enable from exploitation
and abuse what a pity.
Exactly, as
many as two hundred millions in the world, work for their own and their
families survival according to UNICEF statistics. They labour in oppressive and
often dangerous factory jobs, in domestic service, on the street and lanes of
cities and town in degrading condition of sexual exploitation childhood a time
that is suppose to be associated with help, promise and aspiration has now
turned out to be a time of trouble and hardship.
Especially
in developing countries where boarders of poverty so often fall heavily on the
young. In this time, there has been an increase international concern over
plight of total number of about two hundred and fifty millions young sister who
are victims of child labour. It is not only the united nations agencies that
are concerned with the issue but leading international non-government
organisation sought to draw attention to the issue. There appears to be a
growing consensus on the need to curb this practice.
The divided
adult groups are gradually coming to an agreement on issue concerning child
labour through there still remain a tough nut to crack while some black
believed that total elimination may not be possible.
On the other
hand, “learning outcome” which is otherwise referred to as academic achievement
or academic performance in this research work has become a subject matter of
importance to stakeholders (educational psychologist, teachers, academics
school administrations psychometricans parents, etc) in education and to a
large extent, to students who are the direct beneficiaries victims of the
outcome.
Aremu and
Adika (2001) submit that academic performance is interestingly important in
that it is the fundamental premium upon which all teaching activities are
measured using some criteria of excellence.
It is the
aspiration of almost all Nigerians to educate their wards. The biting poverty
to which the poor are consigned tends to frustrate the hope of the very poor to
achieve this end. Parents and guardians however must be in a position to feed
their children, see to their good health, have a house to shelter them, clothes
them and be sure of some sufficient income to live on.
Considering
the high opportunity cost of their children’s education, low-income families
resort to child labour as an indispensable option for their family survival
poor parents receive payments in exchange of their children’s labour and
services to the rich and this affects education of their children.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It is
generally believed that the extent of child labour differs in various families,
and societies due to the high cost of living Adesanwo (2007). One equally
wonders whether the need for extra income in the family often compiled many
parents or guardians to send their children to earn a living outside the home.
Child labour
as work that is mentally, physically, socially and morally dangerous and
harmful to children and interfere with their schooling by depriving them
opportunity to attend schools, by obliging them to leave school prematurely or
by requiring them to attempt to combine attendance with excessively large and
heavy work.
Child labour
robs children of their interest in learning and this contribute to low literacy
rate and low academic achievement in Nigeria. Therefore, the problem to examine
the influence of child labour in selected primary schools in Abeokuta North
Local Government Area in Ogun State aid to equally budget ways to eradicate this
social menace.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This study
examines the socio-cultural and economic factors in the incidence of child
labour. The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of child labour
to differentiate between child duty and child labour.
To examine
the causes of child labour and how these causes affect the academic achievement
of pupils in Nigeria. And also to discuss the implications of child labour on
academic achievement of pupils in Nigeria. Finally, to suggest possible solutions
to the problems of child labour on academic achievement of pupils in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What is the perception of people
about child labour?
2. What are the possible causes of
child labour in the local government?
3. What are the influences of child
labour on the education of children involved?
4. What are the possible solutions to
the problems of child labour in Nigeria?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
significance to this study is to throw light on the need for government to
recognize and protect the rights of a child. It is also very important that
this research will put in order corrective programme which are aimed at
enlightening, encouraging and educating the masses on the need to assist from
child labour. Moreover, this study will add to the existing body of knowledge
and will serve as a useful source of information in future.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to some
selected primary schools in Abeokuta North Local Government Area of Ogun State.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Child: A
child is every human being below the age of fourteen years.
Labour: Hard
physical work.
Child
labour: This refers to hard physical work or employment of children below adult
age.
Hazarding:
This refers to a risk or damage especially to someone’s health or safety.
Exploitation:
A situation in which somebody treats someone in an unfair way, especially in
order to make money from their work.
Rejuvenate:
To make somebody or something look or feel younger or more lively.
Prejudicial:
Harming or likely to harm somebody or something.
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