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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
ATTITUDE OF WOMEN OF TOWARD FAMILY PLANNING IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
There are many variables that
determine the attitude of woman of childbearing age toward family planning;
such variables could be viewed from Socio-economic factor, Cultural Factor
Community norms, Religious affiliation, Gender role and Effectiveness of the
services.Family planning is the technique that enables couples to determine
when to have baby. There are a numbers of available family planning techniques
(elaitan, 2011).Techniques commonly used include Oral pills, Depo Provera,
Noristerat, IUCD, Condoms, Implant, and Sterilization etc.Family planning also
known as birth control is most usually applied to couples who wish to limit the
numbers of children they have and to control the timing of pregnancy (spacing
children).
Family planning is when and how many
children to have and the use of birth control techniques to implement such
plans, so that they can give utmost care to the children, financially,
psychologically and socially (United States Department of Agriculture, 2007).
According to WHO, (2004) family planning is a way of thinking and living that
is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible
decision by individuals and couples in order to promote the health and welfare
of family groups and thus contribute effectively to the social development of
aCountry.
However, family planning is usually
used as a synonym for child spacing birth control. Family planning may encompass sterilization
as well as pregnancy termination. It also includes raising a child with methods
that require significant, amount of resources namely: time, social, financial
and environment. Family planning measures are designed to regulate the number
and spacing of children, within a family, largely to curb population growth,
and ensure each family has access to limitedresources.
The concept of women of childbearing
age toward family planning can be applied to a wide range of sexual and
reproductive health decision. It focuses on whether to seek, to avoid
pregnancy, whether to space and time one’s childbearing, whether to use
contraception, what family methods to be used, and whether or when to continue
or switch methods in family planning.
The attitude of women of
childbearing age toward family planning focuses on the individual; however it
also influences a range of outside factors such as: Social economic and
Cultural norms, Gender roles, Social networks, Religiousand Local beliefs
(Bosveld 2000).
To a large extent, these community
norms determine individual childbearing preferences and sexual reproductive
behaviour. It is usually though that community and culture affect a person
attitude toward family planning desire for sex of children pressures to have
children and whether or not family planning accords with customs and religious
beliefs.
It has been observed that many
couples, especially women who are directly exposed to risk of unwanted
pregnancy, do not utilized available family planning services. Thus, the
attitude of women toward family planning is not encouraging; it is this
underutilization of family planning that the researcher delved to find out what
may be responsible for the attitude of women of childbearing age toward family
planning.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
Reduction in population growth is
believed to improve in country’s prospects for economic development which in
turn is believed to enhance a county’s ability to improve the lives of the
citizens. In the case of Nigeria, we can see the rapid growth of population
according to (census 2006) population figure. There is no such socio-economic
issue that is grave and pressing than that of the population growth.
Thus, to save the country from such
grave problem it is essential that the population growth should be planned and
well checked.The increasing growth of Nigerian population without a
commensurate rate of economic development has become a serious problem
requiring urgent solution.
Despite the population attention
family planning has gained and it’s important to the society they are still
underutilized. It is believed as observed by scholars that certain variables
influence the attitude of citizens of childbearing age toward family planning
services utilization. This study thus
focuses attention on investigating the factor that influences the attitude of
women of childbearing age toward family planning in Calabar Metropolis.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Generally, the purpose of the study
is to investigate the factors influencing attitude of women of childbearing age
toward family planning in Calabar municipality, the study specifically
investigated:
1. Deposition
of women of childbearing age toward family planning in Calabar metropolis.
2. The
influence of socio-economic status on the attitude of women toward family
planning.
3. Whether
religious affiliation influence attitude of women toward family planning.
4. The
influence of cultural norms on attitude of women towards family planning
5. Whether
educational status affects attitude of women of childbearing age toward family
planning.
1.4
Research Question
The study
provided answers to the following questions:
1. What is
the disposition of women of childbearing age toward family planning in Calabar
metropolis?
2. To what
extent does socio-economic status influence attitude of women of childbearing
age toward family planning?
3. How does
religious affiliation influence attitude of women of childbearing age toward
family planning
4. To what
extent dose cultural norms influence attitude of women of child bearing age
toward family planning.
5. How does
educational status affect attitude of women of childbearing age toward family
planning in Calabar metropolis?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
Based on the objective of the study,
the following hypotheses were formulated to guide the study.
1. Disposition
of women of childbearing age toward family planning is significantly low in
Calabar metropolis.
2. Socio-economic
status would not significantly influence attitude of women of childbearing age
toward family planning.
3. Religious
affiliation would not have any significant influence the attitude of women of
childbearing age toward family planning.
4. There
would be no significant influence of cultural norms on attitude of women of
child bearing age toward family planning.
5. Educational
status of women, of child bearing age would not significantly influence their
attitude toward family planning.
6.
Significance
of study
The result of this study as
envisaged will be of great assistance to women of child bearing age. Who are at
the receiving end of consequences of using contraception or no utilization of
available services?
This research work will also be of
help to currently married women and their partners who have no knowledge about
family planning.
It will
help them to equipped with skill on how to avoid unwanted pregnancy.
It may also give an insight on how
they could make their choice on different family planning methods. In addition,
it will foster their acceptance of family planning since both the modern and
the traditional methods of family planning are provided.The study will create
awareness and exposure on the need of child spacing and the number of children
they can care for in terms of education among parents.
The study will also be significant
to policy formulators and executors regarding the effective use of family
planning.Finally, the research will be significant to reproductive health
researchers as it may serve as a reference material.
1.7.
Delimitation of the study
This study investigated the factors
influencing the disposition of women
toward family planning in Calabar metropolis. The study did not include
their male counterparts. The study investigated selected variable such as:
socio-economic status, religious affiliation, cultural norms and effect of
educational status, besides the attitude of these women toward family planning.
1.8.
Limitation of the study
This study was limited by certain
factors which limit the smooth conduct
of the study.These factors include:
Lack
fund to carryout elaborate research work.
Uncooperative
attitude willingness of some people to give responds consistently to the
research instrument.
The
time gap for the completion of this research was also short. The researcher had
to work even at odd hours in order to completethe research on time
1.
9
Definition of Terms
The following key terms have been
defined for classification.
1. Family planning: It is
the decision made by a couple to bear the number of children they will be able
to care for and to have them.
2. Attitude: This refers to the
behaviour of women toward family planning neither positive nor negative which
influence theirusage.
3. Childbearing Age: This
means the period women’s menstruation starts to the period of puberty to
menopause.
4. Knowledge: It refers to the degree of awareness and understanding
of family planning and available family planning services.
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