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KNOWLEDGE AND ADHERENCE OF COMMERCIAL BUS DRIVERS ON ROAD SAFETY MEASURES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
Road crashes started in Lagos, Nigeria in 1906. Ever since,
it has been a major killer in Nigeria. The attempt to reduce the number and
severity of road crashes necessitated the formulation of road traffic
regulations to guide operation, conduct and other issues relating to the road
and the road users. There are various categories of road users namely vehicle
owners including motorcyclists, and pedestrians. The use of motorcycles for
passenger transport gained accelerated momentum in Nigeria after the economic
recession of the early 1980s. The economic down turn of the 1980s in Nigeria
and the subsequent introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme in 1986 led
to cut in employment in both the public sector and the organized private sector
thereby leading to an upsurge in the activities and relevance of the informal
sector of which motorcycle passenger transport is a part. The lack of adequate
and sustainable public transport cum poor urban planning in most Nigerian
cities created a transport gap for the motorcycles to fill in passenger
transportation. A substantial number of road crashes in Nigeria involve
motorcyclists. Stakeholders have
advocated for outright ban on their operations; some called for restrictions; while
others blamed the menace on inefficient road traffic law enforcement. While the
above positions cannot be disputed, it is however imperative to investigate the
level of compliance of these commercial motorcyclists with road traffic
regulation. The overall goal of the
Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011 – 2020 is to stabilize and then reduce
the forecast level of road traffic fatalities around the World by 2020. The
activities to achieve the above goal will take place at local, national,
regional and global levels (WHO, 2011). At the national level such as in
Nigeria, stabilizing and reducing crash injuries from motorcycles will require
inquiry into compliance with road traffic regulations in order to provide
direction for enforcement, which is a component of the safe system approach
i.e. pillar 4 – safer road users.
It has been estimated that about 1.3 million people die
annually as a result of road crashes-over 3000 deaths per day. Ninety per cent
of road deaths occur in low- and middle income countries, which harbours less
than half of the world’s registered vehicle fleet. Road crash injuries are
among the three leading causes of deaths for people between 5 and 44 years of
age. The economic burden of road crashes has been put at between 1 and 3 per
cent of the Gross National Product (GNP) (WHO, 2011:4). The failure of drivers
to comply with basic road safety legislations is the main cause of serious
crashes (EC, 2003:17). Compliance in
road safety is the act of obedience to rules guiding the usage of the roads by
road users. The sequential objectives of these rules are; to avoid conflicts
among road users; prevent events that are unpleasant to the road users; and
mitigate the effects of the unpleasant events. Non-compliance carries penalty.
Penalties as defined by the road traffic regulation agencies differ from
country to country. Penalties in road traffic law enforcement, in order of
severity, range from; no action, written or verbal warning, fines to
prosecution or arrest (Southgate and Mirrlees-Black, 1991; Zaal, 1994). The
application of the penalty options have been documented in the literature to
effect road user behaviour in different ways (Armour, 1984; Dingle, 1985;
Assum, 1986; Ross, 1988; Widen, et al. 1989; Robinson and Smiley, 1989;
Bjornskau and Elvik,1990; Evans, 1991; Bailey, 1991; Riley 1991; Williams, et
al. 1992; etc). The main objective of
the penalty is to serve as deterrence i.e. prevents non-compliant behaviour.
The deterrence mechanism could either be specific or general. Specific
deterrence relates to compliance based on the assumption that road users will
be discouraged from committing or exhibiting non-compliant behaviour; while
general deterrence relies on the assumption that road users who become aware of
the risk of apprehension and punishment adopt compliant behaviour to avoid the
consequences of enforcement (Zaal, 1994).
A high compliance rate will lead to improved safety on the
roads, ceteris paribus, which will in turn reduce the destruction of human and
material resources required for economic growth and development. The schematic
link between compliance rate, road safety and economic growth and development
is shown in Figure 1.
A typical illustration is the case of crash helmet. Wearing
it correctly can reduce the risk of fatal or serious head injuring by 50 per
cent (EC, 2003:24); thereby freeing medical resources, productive man-hour,
etc., which can be deplored for other economic and social advancement of the
society. It has been found that medical charges for un-helmeted motorcycle
in-patients suffering brain injuries were 2.25 times higher than for those
without brain injuries (NHSTA, 1996). Similarly estimates show that motorcycle
helmet use saved US$ 19.5billion in economic costs from 1984 through 2002. An
additional US$14.billion would have been saved if all motorcyclists had worn
helmet during the same period (NHTSA, 2004).
The rules and their enforcement form a vital component of the
tripod of road transport regulations namely economic, service and safety
regulations. Economic regulation seeks to promote fairness among competitors in
the road industry; service regulation involves ensuring that regulated carriers
provide services that are consistent with their operating rights; while safety
regulation is designed to protect the general public, users and operators from
crashes as well as unhealthy environment (Wood and Johnson 1993:91). There are
various studies on compliance rates with road traffic regulations across the
globe among various types of road users- motorists and pedestrians. Studies on
seat belt usage and effectiveness are common among motorists (Evans and Frick,
1986; Morgan, 1999; Elvik and Vaa, 2004; Norlen, et al. 2010) while safety
helmet usage is common among motorcyclists. The brief review in this section
will be limited to compliance with road safety regulations as they pertain to
motorcyclists. Motorcycling is the mode of transport involving by far the
greatest risk (EC, 2003:32).
1.2
Statement of the problem
There may have been previous
researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis
in knowledge and adherence of commercial bus drivers on road safety measures
1.3
Objectives of the study
1. To understand the impact of knowledge
and adherence of commercial bus drivers on road safety measures
2. To understand the relationship
between knowledge and adherence of commercial bus drivers and road safety
1.4
Research questions
1. What is the impact of knowledge and
adherence of commercial bus drivers on road safety measures
2
What
is the relationship between knowledge and adherence of commercial bus drivers
and road safety
1.5
Research hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between
knowledge and adherence of commercial bus drivers and road safety
H1: There is a relationship between
knowledge and adherence of commercial bus drivers and road safety
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