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AN
ASSESSMENT OF THE SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA (THE BOKO HARAM CHALLENGE)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
It is a
common knowledge that Nigeria since her return to civil rule in 1999 faces some
national security challenges across the six geo-political zones in the country.
The spate of bomb blasts, kidnapping, pipeline vandalism and other forms of criminalities
in recent times in various parts of the country are emerging trends of domestic
terrorism. In fact, the high rate of kidnappings, armed robbery and political
assassinations, are added dimensions to the security challenges, which are
stretching the nation to its limits, sometimes constitute a great threat to the
very fabric of its existence. (Abimbola and Adesote 2012) A number of analysts
have variously attributed the disturbing trend to political dissatisfaction,
ethnic and religious differences, perceived societal neglect and pervasive
poverty among the people. However, the outbreak of Boko Haram insurgency in
Nigeria marked yet another phase in the recurring pattern that violent
uprising, riots and disturbances have become in Nigeria. Given the
heterogeneous nature of the Nigerian society, the religious sensitivity of
Nigerians, and the prolonged military rule that ended with the advent of civil
rule in 1999, the situation could perhaps not have been different. But what is
alarming is the forceful attempt by religious fundamentalist to impose a
religious ideology on a constitutionally recognized secular society (Nwogu
2012:43). Boko Haram poses an enormous and complex threat to national security
and not only has it been inimical to human security, economic development and
political stability, it has also portends harmful ramifications for the
corporate existence of Nigeria. Thus, it could be argued that it is the
governments’ inability to efficiently address poverty and unemployment and
other social malaise inimical to the good life that have combined to create an
environment in which religious sects like the Boko Haram flourished. Some
cases, the situations had gotten worse. There is massive poverty; lack of
access to educational opportunities, unemployment and ignorance due to limited
educational opportunities; and government corruption, including misuse of
resources, by which the people were repulsed. (Usman 1987, Ale 2009) In this
direction, the maintenance of law and order in Nigeria has been very
challenging to the extent that the ability to manage internal security by
security agencies is being doubted by the citizenry. The government which is
constitutionally charged to provide security and ensure the welfare of all
persons within the polity has although, taken some steps to address these
emerging trends of violence and suicide bombings that pose major challenges to
security in Nigeria but these efforts have not proven effective. Security is
said to mean the quality or state of being secured. It implies freedom from
danger, freedom from fear or anxiety and freedom from the prospect of being
laid off. Security from these perspective is holistic and encapsulates the
total well being of a person in persons (Nwogu 2012) It is against this background
that this research is anchored to investigate the origin, ideology and
activities of the dreaded Boko Haram sect and its effects on the management of
security in Nigeria. The research will also examine the response of the Nigeria
government to the threat posed by Boko Haram with a view to suggest possible
solutions/strategies to address the scourge.
STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
Currently,
the issue of Boko Haram cannot be over-looked, particularly as it has become
one of the greatest threats to government in Nigeria. The activities of the
group threaten the fabrics of Nigeria and are capable of disintegrating the
country. It is pertinent to state that Boko Haram has taken a new dimension and
has continued to improve on the methods of attacking their targets. It has
advanced from the stages of assassination, gunpowder plot to that of
bomb-planting explosive attacks, suicide bombing, sporadic shooting in busy
areas, including schools, supermarkets, religious places and more recently
kidnapping e.g. the kidnap incident of the Chibok school girls that attracted
the attention of the international community. Nwogu (2012:43) observed that
Boko Haram has grown from an issue of local nuisance to a frontier of
international terror. Its heady rise to international terror group status has
been marked by unabated audacious and brutal terror attacks that have shaken
the country to her roots. More so, Boko Haram poses enormous and complex threat
to the management of national security in Nigeria, which is a major challenge to
human security and economic development. Akinferinwa (2011:109) pointed out
that Boko Haram is undoubtedly one of the problems in Nigeria. He noted that it
is a major component part of the problem. And also stated that, Boko Haramists
do play the role of a catalytic agent in the worsening of one Nigeria’s main
problems; national unity. From this viewpoint, it can be seen that Boko Haram
is a serious challenge to security in Nigeria, thus, this research is focused
to examine the extent of threat by Boko Haram with a view to propose
comprehensive framework to address the problem.
OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The main
purpose of the research is to take a critical look at the challenges posed by
Boko Haram to the management of security in Nigeria and to explain its effect
on the development of Nigeria. Therefore, in summary, the research is aimed at
the following objectives.
1. To
attempt a critical study on the origin, ideology and activities of Boko Haram.
2. To
examine the extent at which Boko Haram has affected the security situation in
Nigeria.
3. To
explore how Boko Haram terrors has impacted on Nigeria, politically,
economically, socially and otherwise.
4. To reveal
the response of the Nigeria state to the challenges posed by Boko Haram.
5. To
recommend strategies and policies that may be possible solutions to address the
Boko Haram challenge.
RESEARCH
QUESSTIONS
1. Was it
poverty and illiteracy that resulted in the formation of Boko Haram?
2. To what
extent has Boko Haram worsened the security situation in Nigeria?
3. How has
Boko Haram terror affected Nigeria politically, socially, economically and
otherwise?
4. In what
ways has the Nigerian government responded to the Boko Haram threats?
5. What are
the possible strategies to tackle the scourge of Boko Haram?
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
In recent
times, many scholars and commentators have written and commented elaborately on
the insecurity situation of the country, particularly, arising from terrorism.
However, this study focuses squarely on the Boko Haram phenomenon and
management of security in Nigeria. This will help in understanding the activities
of the terror group and explore steps to address its menace. The study is also
significant because it will contribute to existing literature on terrorism,
especially on Boko Haram and the issue of security, which will further
encourage research into this area.
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