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BIOACUMULATION
OF HEAVY METALS IN FRESH WATER CLAN (Egeria radiata)
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1
Background Information
Pollution of
the littoral waters of the Niger delta region of Nigeria has in recent times
received much alteration because of the high degree of environment degradation
and aquatic perturbations posed by petroleum exploration activities in the oil bearing
states. Petroleum hydrocarbons from oil spills and human related activities are
usually incorporated into sediments where they can persist for years, gradually
releasing toxic substance such as heavy metals into the immediate and remote
environment (O’Clar et al., 1996; Moles and Norcoss, 1998, Zabby and Babatunda,
2015). Heavy metals distribution in aquatic ecosystems. Present divergent
dynamics depending on such factors as source, flow rates particle flux rate,
sediment characteristics and ecology of organisms under study. In the Niger
delta, most report agree that heavy metal concentration is low in surface water
sample (Davies et al., 2004. Chindah et al., 2006) sediment on the other hand
is believed to be the sink for heavy metals, which usually allows re-suspension
anytime the river is disturbed (Babatunda et al., 2013). However, to better
characterize the risk presented by metals in the environment to human and
ecological receptors, most researchers use benthic organism as biomonitors of
both the levels and long-term influences of heavy metals within an ecosystem
(Phlilps and Rainbow, 1994, Horsfall et al., 1998)
Fishing is
one of the major occupations of the people of Niger Delta region and various
fisheries resource are important delicacies including Egeria radiate which is
popular among artisanal fisheries. The importance of heavy metal contamination
of aquatic ecosystem cannot be over emphasized as most of them can
bioaccumulate and become significant along the food chain giving concern of seafood
safety to consumers (Davies et al., ., 2006). Selfish, especially clams like E.
radiate and Tympanotonus species are
used largely as a condiment in most meal eaten in the Niger delta and its
environ (Gomna and Rana, 2007, Babatunde
et al., 2005) and may accumulate metals at levels which can become deleterious
to human consumers.
Bivalves are
widely used as bioindicators of heavy metals pollution of heavy metals
pollution in costal waters because they are known to concentrate metals
providing indications of the contamination of the environment over time.
Ergeria Nwanbeze (2011) reported elevated concentration of heavy metals in
tissue of E. radiata from some creeks in Delta state Nigeria above
concentration in the environment in particularly Pb, Mn and Cd as higher than
FAO/WHO acceptable limits of heavy metal contamination in fishes and shell
fish. Similarly, Etim (1990) reported elevated heavy metal contamination in
tissues of E. Radiata from Calabar River, Cross River, Nigeria, above the
environmental concentration indicating that the animal bioaccumulated the
metals. Indeed numerous studies around the world have demonstration their
ability to concentrate trace elements even in areas far from anthropogenic
source such as the anthracitic ocean (Maur et al., 1990, and Nigro 1992;
Viarengo et al., 1993) with seasonal variations in the concentration at various
stages of their live (Bryan, 1973) and in the bay of la Rocchelle in France
(Bustamante and Miramand, 2005).
Various
anthropogenic activities in Itu bridgehead waters can adversely alter the water
and the sediment chemistry. This will end up having effects on benthic organism
like Egaria radiata. Since this organism is a delicacy in the area analyze of
heavy metal levels in it will help determine its suitability for consumption.
1.2 Aims and
Objectives
To determine levels of cadmium (cd),
chronmium (cr), lead (pb), and iron (fe) in the flesh of E radiata from ITU
bridgehead
To compare the levels of heavy metals
analysed to the WHO standard
To ascertain consumption suitability of E.
radiata from ITU bridgehead.
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