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INCIDENCE OF
CANDIDA ALBICANS AMONGST PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Candida are
small, oval yeast measuring 2-4 mm in diameter. It causes a disease condition
known as candidiasis. Candidiasis is considered an opportunistic and a sexually
transmitted infection. It constitutes great health problems to many women. More
so, there has been rampant complaints of pregnant and non-pregnant women who
attend clinics at Federal Medical centre and general Hospital Owerri about
vagina itching and discharge. Being that this is a common symptom of
candidiasis, it has become expedient to establish the incidence of this
microorganism amongst the population of these women.
In the
history of medicine and scientific exploration, new discoveries are made on a
regular basis; in fact, many people devote their lives to the identification
and treatment of disease. When these disease are discovered, it is often
assumed that they are new. These disease might well have been with us for many
year. (Marshall et al: 1983).
Although,
the term infection and diseases are sometimes used interchangeably, they differ
somewhat in meaning. Infection is the invasion or colonization of the body by
pathogenic microorganisms, which disease occurs when an infection results in
any change from a state of health.
Disease is
an abnormal state in which part or all of the body is not properly adjusted or
is not capable of carrying on its normal function.
An infection
may exist in the absence of detectable disease. Once a relationship between the
normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful
microorganisms, a phenomenon called antagonism (Tortora et al; 1995).
Microbial
antagonism involves competition among microbes, one consequence of this
competition is the host against colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes
by competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to the invading
microbes, and affecting conditions such as PH and available oxygen. When this
balance between the normal microbiota and pathogenic microbas is upset, disease
can result. For example, the normal bacterial microbiota of the adult human
vagina maintains a local PH of 3.5 to 4.5. the presence of the normal
microbiota inhabits overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans, which cannot grow
under these conditions and is normally present in small numbers in the vagina.
If antibiotics, excessive douching or deodorants eliminate the bacteria
population, the PH of the vagria reverts to nearly neutral and Candida albicans
can flourish and become the dominant microorganism there.
Candidasis
is a disease caused by yeast-like fungus, Candida albicans; that often grow on
mucous membranes of the mouth, intestinal tract, and genitor-urinary tract.
Infections are usually a result of opportunistic overgrowth when antibiotics or
other factors suppress the competing microbiota. It is responsible for
occasional cases in non-gonococcal urethritis in male and for vulvovginal
candidiasis which is the most common cause of vaginitis. About 75% of all women
experience at least one episode.
The lessons
of vulvovaginal candidiasis resemble those of oral thrush but produce more
irritation, severe itching, thick yellow cottage, cheese-like discharge, and a
yeasty odour. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen. Predisposing
conditions include use of oral contraceptives and pregnancy. Which causes an
merease in glycogen in the vagina. Diabetes, and treatment with broad-spectrum
antibiotics are also associated with the occurrence of candida albicans and
vaginitis, (Tortora et al; 1995).
Candida albicans
and its close relatives account for nearly 80% of nosocomial fungi infections
in general, (Talaro, 2008).
The Federal
Medical Centre and general Hospital Owerri have both ante-natal and out-patient
units; where they rouser different services to patients. Therefore provide a
fetile ground for an investigation such as this.
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