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LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE
IN NIGERIA:
ISSUES
AND PROSPECTS FOR
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE(S)
TITLE PAGE…………….……………………………….. i
CERTIFICATION……………………………………..….. ii
DEDICATION…………………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………… iv
TABLE OF
CONTENTS……………………………….… v -viii
LIST OF
TABLES………………………………………… ix
LIST OF
FIGURES………………………………………. x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
………………………………. xi
ABSTRACT……………………………………………….. xii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION PAGE(S)
BACKGROUND TO THE
STUDY………………………. 1 - 7
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH
PROBLEM…………….. 8 - 9
OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY………………………….. 10
HYPOTHESIS/ASSUMPTION…………………………… 12
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY………………………... 12-13
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY…………………………………. 13
LIMITATION OF THE
STUDY……………………………. 13-14
ENDNOTES ………………………………………………… 15-16
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW PAGE(S)
THE CONCEPT OF
FOREIGN POLICY…………....... 17 - 18
THE CONCEPT OF
NATIONAL INTEREST…………. 18 - 23
THE CONCEPT OF
POWER…….…………………….. 28 - 32
THE CONCEPT OF
GLOBALISATION…….…………. 32 - 36
ENDNOTES………………………………………………. 37 - 39
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PAGE(S)
INTRODUCTION………………………………………... 40 - 43
OBJECTIVES OF NIGERIA’S
FOREIGN POLICY…… 43-48
NIGERIAN NATIONAL
COMPONENT POWERS AS
DETERMINANTS AND
INSTRUMENT OF NIGERIAN
FOREIGN
POLICY………………………………………. 48-55
NIGERIA’S
FOREIGN POLICY IN THE NEW
INTERNATIONAL
ORDER ……………………………. 55-62
DEBT
CANCELLATION………………………………… 62-65
PROMOTION OF GLOBAL
PROSPERITY AND PEACE... 65-68
ENDNOTE..………………………………………………. 69-70
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS PAGE(S)
PROSPECTS OF NIGERIA’S
FOREIGN POLICY…….. 71-72
PROBLEMS OF NIGERIA’S
FOREIGN POLICY……….. 72-77
FUTURE PROSPECTS OF NIGERIA’S
FOREIGN
POLICY……………………………………………………….. 77-81
ENDNOTES………………………………………………… 82
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
PAGE(S)
SUMMARY……………………………………………… 83-85
CONCLUSION
…………………………………………. 85- 87
RECOMMENDATIONS
……………………………….. 88 - 94
ANNEX A………………………………………………… A-1 – A-9
ANNEX
B………………………………………………… B-1 – B-5
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
……………………………………... 95 –100
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1. I wish to express my sincere appreciation
to my supervising DS, …………………………………………………. for his painstaking effort at
correcting my work. I wish to specifically thank my beloved wife
………………………………………………for her support and prayers during this research.
2. I am also grateful to all those who guided
my efforts during this study. Above all, I thank the Almighty God for the
guidance during the course.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE(S)
TITLE PAGE…..………………………………………………………i
CERTIFICATION..………………………………………………………,ii
DEDICATION,…………………………………………………………...iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.………………………………………………..iv
TABLE OF
CONTENT.………………………………………………….V-
LIST OF
TABLES………………………………………………………..
LIST OF
ABBREVIATION………………………………………………
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION PAGE (S)
BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………….1-4
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM………………………………………..,4-5
OBJECTIVE OF THE
STUDY………………………………………….......6
REACH
HYPOTHESIS………………………………………………………6
SIGNIFICANT OF THE
STUDY……………………………………………..7
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY……………………………………………………...7
LIMITATION..............................................................................................…...8
ENDNOTES…………………………………………………………………....9
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
PAGE (S)
Leadership…………………………………………………………………11
Good
Governance…………………………………………………………12
Relationship
between Leadership and Good Governance…………….…..14
Indicators
of Good Governance…………………………………………..14
Theoretical
Framework…………………………………………………...15
Review
of Existing Literature…………………………………………….16
Notes…………………………………………………………………...…19
CHAPTER
3
APPRAISAL OF LEADERSHIP AND GOOD
GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA
Overview
of Leadership and Good Governance in Nigeria since
Independence……………………………………………………………..21
Effects of Leadership
on Good Governance in the First Decade
of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic……………………………………………..23
of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic……………………………………………..23
Voice and Accountability………………………………………………...24
Rule of
Law……………………………………………………………....26
Political
Stability…………………………………………………………27
Government
Effectiveness……………………………………………….28
Control of
Corruption…………………………………………………….29
Presentation and
Analysis of Surveyed Data………..…………………...31
Breakdown of
Respondents’ Details……………………………………..31
Data Presentation and
Analysis…………………………………………..31
Summary of
Findings…………………………………………………….34
Issues Associated
with Leadership and Good Governance in Nigeria …..35
Political
Issues……………………………………………………………35
Economic
Issues………………………………………………………….38
Social
Issues……………………………………………………………...41
Notes……………………………………………………………………..42
CHAPTER
4
CHALLENGES,
PROSPECTS AND STRATEGIES ASSOCIATED WITH LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN
NIGERIA
Challenges…………………………………………………………...……47
Prospects………………………………………………………………….51
Strategies……………………………………………………………….....53
Notes………………………………………………………………………57
CHAPTER
5
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion………………………………………………………………58
Recommendations………………………………………………………60
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books……………………………………………………………………61
Periodicals/Journals……………………………………………………..62
Official
Publications…………………………………………………….62
Unpublished
Materials…………………………………………………..63
Newspapers/Magazines…………………………………………………63
Internet Sources…………………………………………………………64
Interviews……………………………………………………………….65
Television
Interviews..………………………………………………….66
Appendices……………………………………………………………...66
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
CFRN - Constitution of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria.
CSOs - Civil Society Organizations.
DP Due
Process.
EFCC - Economic and Financial Crimes Commission.
EU - European Union.
EVS Electronic
Voting System.
FACC - Federation Account.
FDIs - Foreign Direct Investments.
FGN - Federal Government of Nigeria.
FRN Federal
Republic of Nigeria.
HDI - Human Development Index.
ICPC - Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related
Offences Commission.
IIAG - Ibrahim Index of African Governance.
INEC - Independent National Electoral Commission.
LG Local
Government.
LGA - Local Government Area.
MDAs - Ministries, Departments and
Agencies.
NASS - National Assembly.
NCE - National Certificate of
Education.
ND - Niger Delta.
NOA - National Orientation Agency.
OND - Ordinary National Diploma.
PDP - People’s Democratic Party.
PEPs - Politically Exposed Persons.
PLC - Private Limited Company.
PPP - Public Private Partnership.
SER - Serial.
SNF - Special National Fund.
SNG - Save Nigeria Group.
UK - United Kingdom.
UN - United Nations.
UNDP - United Nations Development
Programme.
UNDP-HDI - United
Nations Development Programme-Human Development Index.
USA - United States of America.
USAID - United States Agency for International
Development.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE(S)
Title Page .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. i
Certification .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ii
Dedication .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iii
Acknowledgement .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iv
Table of Contents .. .. .. .. .. .. .. iv
– ix
List of Tables . .. .. .. .. .. .. .... x
Glossary of Terms .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xi
– xii
Abstract .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xiii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION PAGE(S)
Background of the
study .. .... .. .. .. .. 1
– 3
Statement of the
Problem .. .... .. .. .. .. 3
– 5
Objectives of the
Study .. .. .. .. .. .. 5
Hypothesis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6
Significance of the
Study .. .. .. .. .. .. 6
– 7
Scope ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7
Methodology .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 – 8
Limitations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8
– 9
Assumptions .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9
Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW PAGE(S)
The Concept of
Begging .. .. .. .. .. .. 11
– 13
The Almajiri System
of Education .. .. .. .. 13
The Concept of Disability .. … .. .. .. .. 14
The Concept of
Rehabilitation .. .. .. .. .. 14 – 15
Medical Aspects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 – 17
Political and
Administrative Implications .. .. .. 17 – 19
Sociological Aspects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20
– 21
Economic Aspects .. .. .... .. .. .. 21
– 23
Overview of Existing
Literature .. .. .. .. .. 23 – 24
Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25
– 26
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY PAGE(S)
Research Methodology . .. .. .. .. .. 27
Research Design .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27
Area of Study .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 – 28
Research Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28
Sample and Sampling
Procedure .. .. .. .. .. 28
Instrument of Data
Collection .. .. .. .. .. 28 – 29
Validations of the
Instrument .. .. .. .. .. 30
Method of Data
Collection . .. .. .. .. .. 30
Method of Data
Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. 30
Weakness of
Methodology .. .. .. .. .. .. 31
References .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDY OF
MARIRI REHABILITATION CENTRE
PAGE(S)
Data Presentation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33
– 34
Data Analysis .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 – 37
Oral Interview .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38 – 39
A Case Study of
Mariri Rehabilitation Centre Kano .. 40 – 41
Method of Admission .. .. .. .. .. .. 41 – 42
Daily Maintenance .. .. .. .. .. .. 43
– 44
Training Programme .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44
– 45
Infrastructures .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45
Recreational
Facilities .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 – 46
Summary
of Findings .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 – 47
Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 48
CHAPTER FIVE
SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
PAGE(S)
Rehabilitating
the Inevitable Beggars .. .. .. .. 49
– 53
Rehabilitating
the Compulsive Beggars .. .. .. 53 – 54
Rehabilitating
the Almajirai .. .. .. .. .. .. 54
– 56
General
Rehabilitation Programmes.. .. .. .. .. 56
– 58
Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 59
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PAGE(S)
Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 60
– 62
Recommendations .. .. .. .. .. 63 – 65
Bibliography .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66
– 68
Annex A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. A-1 - A- 3
Annex B .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. B-1 - B-2
LIST OF TABLES
|
Serial
|
Title of Table
|
Page No
|
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
|
1.
|
Distribution
of beggars by age
|
34
|
|
2.
|
Distribution
of beggars by sex
|
35
|
|
3.
|
Distribution
of beggars by marital status
|
36
|
|
4.
|
Distribution
of beggars by expected income
|
36
|
|
5.
|
Distribution
of beggars by category
|
37
|
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Some
key terminologies that would facilitate understanding of the study are given
some working definitions.
1. Almajirai. Pupils who left their homes to acquire
the Islamic education under the tutelage of a Qur’anic teacher, called
Mallam. The term has become associated
with children who beg for alms.
2. Almajirinci. The act of begging by the Almajirai.
3. Bara. Hausa word for the act of begging for alms by
the Almajarai.
4. Beggars. Beggars include persons who may or may
not have any disability, but resort to begging (refusing to engage in any
self-reliant productive venture) so as to get money.
5. Begging. Begging involves the act of seeking or
asking for alms/property from someone usually by a person in need or who is
apparently in need.
6. Families. Group of parents and children; all those
persons descended from a common ancestor.
It is a universal social group which exists in every society. It is a group of persons united by ties of
marriage, blood or adoption in a single household and sharing a common culture.
7. Zakka. Zakka is one of the 5 pillars (belief on
the oneness of Allah, 5 daily prayers, fasting in the month of Ramadan, Zakkat
and Pilgrimage to Makkah) of Islam.
Zakkat is an Arabic word for purity.
By inference it means the giving of alms from one’s wealth to kin and or
the needy in order to attain spiritual purity.
ABSTRACT
1. The phenomenon of leadership and good
governance has assumed greater interest in Africa. With the return of
democratic governance to Nigeria, the study of the relationship between
leadership and good governance for national development has become an
imperative. The study looks at the challenges and prospects associated with
leadership and good governance in Nigeria within the first decade of the Fourth
Republic.
2. The study discovered that political
leadership has been seriously constrained by corruption, electoral fraud,
mismanagement of resources and poor infrastructural development. The study
discovered the following challenges as hampering the institutionalization of
good governance in Nigeria: delayed prosecution of corrupt officials and lack
of grassroots development. Others are abuse of the electoral process,
insecurity, negative orientation to governance and lack of patriotic
politicians. The strategies proffered by the study to mitigate the challenges include;
introduction of electronic voting system and proving of human and material
security. Others are removal of immunity clause on political office holders and
national re-orientation.
3. The field survey method and secondary
analysis were used for the study. The field survey method was to obtain public
perception on the subject matter using open ended questionnaires and
unstructured interviews. The questionnaires were administered to respondents
within the public and private sector as well as to students. The data obtained
were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively to determine how leadership can
be directed towards ensuring good governance in Nigeria for national
development.
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The quest for quality leadership and good governance is the
aspiration of citizens in most countries of the world. This is because the task of harnessing scarce resources
in pursuit of human and national development is related to the quality and
output of leadership (Richardson, 2008, P.3). The history of the
development of great nations suggests that versatile leaders played a vital
role in the transformation of their societies through good governance. Thus,
the quality of citizens’ life and the overall development of a nation is a
reflection of governance in the nation.
In United States of America (USA)
for example, Abraham Lincoln stands out because of the courageous leadership he
displayed during the 1861-1865 American Civil War (Norton, <http://home.att.net/rjnorton/Lincoln87.html>).This
led to the preservation of the Union, vindication of democracy and abolition of
slavery. These great feats were achieved by determination in pursuit of a more
perfect and equal Union (Ibid, P.17). Lincoln eventually left a legacy being upheld in the USA till date
as a good model of democracy and enduring governance.
Similarly, the unification of East and
West Germany
could be
credited to Otto Von Bismarck, one of the most significant
political figures in German history. His efforts were fast-tracked by
Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who ensured the enthronement of a federal system of
government in a unified Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 (Germany,
http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country-studies/germany/Government.html).
This was considered cardinal to a stable constitutional democracy and good
governance in the Country.
In China,
Mao Tse-Tung set the stage that transformed China from a peasant economy to a
major economic giant in the world. As a visionary leader, his primary goals
were to catch up and surpass the rest of the world in economy, sports, science,
technology and defence. Today, China
is the fastest growing economy in the world with an average annual growth rate
of about 9 percent in the last 2 decades (Chow
and Li, 1952-2010). These accounts demonstrate that with
visionary leadership and good governance, a nation could experience remarkable
improvement and success in its overall development.
The continent of Africa has also produced visionary leaders who have
contributed positively in the development of their countries. Nelson Mandela of
South Africa holds sway as one of the greatest figures of black emancipation
with his history of anti-apartheid struggle. Eventually, he was honored as the
first democratically elected President of South Africa in 1994 (Mandela,
1994, Pp. 746-747). His exemplary leadership symbolizes the
struggle of oppressed people around the world. He was able to steer South Africa
towards sustainable development and good governance ideals, epitomized by smooth
political transition.
In our country, issues of
leadership and good governance have been of great concern since attainment of
independence in 1960. Despite
abundant human and natural resources, corruption and mismanagement of public
wealth have hampered the pursuit
of national development in the Country (http://www.nationencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Nigeria.overviewofteheconomy.htm.).
Most Nigerian leaders are accused of lacking the requisite vision, passion and
character for political leadership (Dike,
2009). The consequence is that despite Nigeria rich resource endowment, she
has consistently ranked low in various international assessments on human
development and good governance.
The United Nations Development
Programme Human Development Index (UNDP-HDI) in its 2007/2008 report ranked Nigeria 158 out of 177 countries (New Partnership for Africa’s
Development, 2008, P.67). Nigeria
was also ranked 11 out of 16 in West Africa in
the 2009 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) (Obi, http://www.businessday). It is estimated that about 70 percent
of 150 million Nigerians live below poverty level of less than one US Dollar
per day (Nnebe, 1999-2007 Vol.2, P).
These low economic and development indices have been attributed to poor
leadership and absence of good governance in Nigeria.
In this context, the leadership
question’ vis-à-vis good governance has generated series of topical discussions
at different policy and academic fora. This research is, therefore, motivated
by the quest to address the question of leadership and its implication on good
governance in Nigeria
for national development. Thus, with a view to proffering measures that would
strengthen leadership and ensure good governance in the country.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Since 1960, Nigeria has
experienced persistent crisis associated with political leadership which has
adversely affected the outcome of governance. Issues like problems of
corruption, mismanagement of resources, coups and counter coups, etc have
frustrated and diminished the process and outcome of governance. Consequently,
many Nigerians lack access to basic health care, quality education, potable
water, electricity and other basic necessities of modern life (Dike, 2009). Human and group rights are
threatened resulting in the growing worry and loss of confidence by the
citizenry in the Country’s political leadership.
Today, Nigeria lags behind in various
indicators of good governance and global development trends (Ouagwu, 2002, P.99). This has equally
affected the country’s external image among other nations. In view of the above
problems, this research will address the following questions:
a. What is the
relationship between leadership and good governance?
b. What are the effects
of leadership on good governance in Nigeria since 1999?
c. What are the
perceptions of political leadership since the return to democracy in 1999?
d. What are the issues
associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria?
e. Has political
leadership provided good governance for national development?
f. What are the
prospects associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria towards
national development?
g. What are the factors
that affect the quality of leadership and good governance since independence?
h. What are the
expectations on political leadership and good governance for national
development?
i. What strategies can
be adopted to ensure that leadership facilitates good governance for national
development in Nigeria?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of this study is to
examine the effects of leadership on good governance in Nigeria for
national development. Thus, with a view to identifying the issues, challenges,
prospects, strategies etc associated with leadership and governance in Nigeria.
The specific objectives are to:
a. Establish the
relationship between leadership and good governance.
b. Determine the effects
of leadership on good governance in Nigeria since 1999.
c. Establish the
perceptions of political leadership since the return to democracy in 1999.
d. Establish the issues
associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria.
e. Whether political
leadership provided good governance for national development.
f. Establish the
prospects associated with leadership and good governance in Nigeria towards national
development.
g. Establish the factors
that affect the quality of leadership and good governance since independence.
h. Establish the
expectations on political leadership and good governance for national
development.
i. Proffer strategies
that can be adopted to ensure leadership facilitates good governance for national
development in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The study attempts
to make the following assumptions:
a. There is a strong
nexus between leadership style and good governance.
b. That
democracy engenders good governance.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of this study to Nigeria cannot
be over-emphasized. It would be significant for policy and academic purposes.
It would aid political elite and policy makers at federal, state and local
government levels on issues affecting leadership and good governance in the
country. The study would help in citizenship training of the Media, Civil
Society Organizations (CSOs), students and indeed the entire Nigerian populace.
It would be relevant to the academia as a useful reference material and a
catalyst that would stimulate further studies on the subject.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The effects of political
leadership on good governance for national development have permitted national
discourse since independence especially between 1999 and 2010. The time frame
was chosen to enable the researcher examine the effects of leadership on governance
in Nigeria within democratic
dispensation in the ongoing Fourth
Republic. However,
reference was made to some recent events on Nigeria’s political landscape that
have bearing on the subject matter.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
This research work was impaired
by some limitations. The key limitations were that some individual earmarked
for interview could not be reached due to their tight schedules. Also, certain
data could not be obtained from some offices due to official restrictions or
lack of such data. However, available secondary data were utilized to ensure
that the objectives of the research are realized. Although, the data used were
from reputable sources, the authenticity of their findings might not be
insulated from bias.
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