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THE DYNAMICS OF CONFLICT
RESOLUTION IN AFRICA: DARFUR IN PERSPECTIVE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page - - - - - - - - i-ii
Certification
- - - - - - - - iii
Approval
Page - - - - - - - - iv
Dedication
- - - - - - - - v
Acknowledgement
- - - - - - - vi
Table
of Contents - - - - - - - vii- x
List
of Tables - - - - - - - -
xi-xii
List
of Figures - - - - - - - - xiii-xiv
List
of Abbreviations - - - - - - xv
- xvii
Definition of Terms - - - - - - - xviii-xix
Abstract
- - - - - - - - - xx
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study - - - - - 1-6
1.2 Statement of Problem - - - - - - 6
1.3 Objectives of Study - - - - - - 6-7
1.4 Research Questions - - - - - - 7-8
1.5 Research Hypothesis - - - - - - 8
1.6 Significance of Study - - - - - - 8
1.7 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - 8-11
1.8 Scope of Study - - - - - - -
- 11
1.9 Limitation - - - - - - - -
11-12
1.10 Methodology
- - - - - - - 12-13
1.11 Definition of
Terms - - - - - - -
13-14
References - - - - - - - - 15-16
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Preamble
- - - - - - - - -
17
2.2 Concept and Dimension of
Conflict - - - -
17- 21
2.3 Concept of intra state Conflict - - - - -
21- 22
2.4 Causes of Conflict - - - - - - -
22- 25
References - - - - - - - - 26
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Preamble - - - - - - - - - 27-30
3.2 Causes and Nature of the Darfur Conflict - - 30-32
3.3 Conflict Prevention - - - - - - -
32-33
3.4 Conflict Resolution - - - - - - -
33-35
3.5 Regional Bodies of Conflict Resolution in
Africa - 35-37
3.6 African Union Conflict Resolution Mechanism - - 37-38
3.7 African Union Conflict Resolution mechanism
Applied in Darfur - - - - - - -
39-42
3.8 United Nations Conflict Resolution in Africa - - 42-43
3.9 United Nation Resolution of the Conflict in
Darfur - 44-45
References - - - - - - - - 46-48
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 ASSESSEMENT OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION MECHANISM
IN THE DARFUR REGION OF SUDAN
4.1 Preamble - - - - - - - - - 49
4.2 Respondents Profile - - - - - - 49-55
4.3 Assessment of the African Union Performance
in the Resolution of Conflict in the
Darfur - - 55-63
4.4 Assessment of UNAMID Performance in the
Resolution of conflict in Darfur - - - - 63-95 4.5 Data
Analysis - - - - - - - -
95-97
4.6 Challenges for Conflict Resolution in Africa
in the
Twenty-First Century - - - - - - 97-99
4.7 Conflict Resolution Model for Africa - - - - 99-101
References - - - - - - - -
102-103
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - -
104
5.2 Conclusion
- - - - - - - -
104-107
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - -
107-108
Bibliography - - - - - - - - 109-113
Appendices - - - - - - - -
114-122
LIST
OF TABLE
|
Table
|
Title
|
Page
|
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
|
1.
|
Distribution of
Respondents by Age And Sex.
|
50
|
|
2.
|
Distribution of
Percentage of Questionnaires Considered for Analysis.
|
51
|
|
3.
|
Distribution of
Respondents by Class.
|
52
|
|
4.
|
Distribution of
Respondents by Academic Qualification.
|
53
|
|
5
|
Distribution of
Respondents on how Equipped is the AU for PSO in Darfur.
|
58
|
|
6.
|
Distribution of
the Extent of Logistics Preparedness is AU for PSO in Darfur.
|
59
|
|
7.
|
Distribution of
response on Level of Climate and Terrain Challenges in Darfur.
|
61
|
|
8.
|
Distribution of
respondent on AU Ability to Minimize Challenges in the Darfur PSO.
|
62
|
|
9.
|
Distribution of
response on AU Performance at Resolving the Darfur Conflict.
|
64
|
|
10.
|
Distribution of
response on UNAMID Organization and Operational Structure for the Achievement
of its Mandate.
|
67
|
|
11.
|
Distribution of
response on UNAMID Ability to Protect Civilians in Darfur.
|
69
|
|
12.
|
Distribution of
response on UNAMID Ability to Contribute to Security of Humanitarian
Assistance.
|
71
|
|
13.
|
Distribution of
Response on the Adequacy of UNAMID mandate.
|
74
|
|
14.
|
Distribution on
How Equipped is UNAMID for PSO in Darfur.
|
75
|
|
15.
|
Distribution of
response on Level of Climate and Terrain Challenges in Darfur.
|
77
|
|
16.
|
Distribution of
response on UNAMID Ability to Minimize Challenges in the Darfur PSO.
|
78
|
|
17.
|
Distribution of
response on whether the Political Leadership in Darfur is ready for Peaceful
Resolution of the Crisis.
|
81
|
|
18.
|
Distribution of
response of SLA leadership ready for Peaceful Resolution.
|
83
|
|
19.
|
Distribution of
Response whether JEM Leadership is ready for Peaceful Resolution.
|
84
|
|
20
|
Distribution of
UNAMID Ability to Monitor and verify Implementation of Agreement.
|
86
|
|
21.
|
UNAMID Ability to
Assist the Political Process in Darfur.
|
88
|
|
22.
|
The Effect of
Multiplicity of Languages among UNAMID Personnel.
|
91
|
|
23.
|
Problems arising
varying Training and Military System among Troop Contributing Countries on
the Mission.
|
93
|
|
24.
|
Extent of UNAMID
Contribution to Human Rights and Rule of Law in Darfur.
|
95
|
|
25.
|
Randomly Selected
Responses.
|
97
|
LIST OF FIGURES
|
Figures
|
Title
|
Page
|
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
|
1.
|
Percentage of
Respondents by Age And Sex.
|
50
|
|
2.
|
Percentage of
Questionnaires Considered for Analysis.
|
52
|
|
3.
|
Percentage of
Respondents by Class.
|
53
|
|
4.
|
Percentage of
Respondents by Academic Qualification.
|
54
|
|
5
|
Percentage of
Respondents on how Equipped is the AU for PSO in Darfur.
|
58
|
|
6.
|
Percentage of the
Extent of Logistics Preparedness is AU for PSO in Darfur.
|
60
|
|
7.
|
Percentage of
response on Level of Climate and Terrain Challenges in Darfur.
|
62
|
|
8.
|
Percentage of
respondent on AU Ability to Minimize Challenges in the Darfur PSO.
|
63
|
|
9.
|
Percentage of
response on AU Performance at Resolving the Darfur Conflict.
|
64
|
|
10.
|
Percentage of
response on UNAMID Organization and Operational Structure for the Achievement
of its Mandate.
|
68
|
|
11.
|
Percentage of
response on UNAMID Ability to Protect Civilians in Darfur.
|
70
|
|
12.
|
Percentage of
response on UNAMID Ability to Contribute to Security of Humanitarian
Assistance.
|
72
|
|
13.
|
Percentage of
Response on the Adequacy of UNAMID mandate.
|
75
|
|
14.
|
Percentage on How
Equipped is UNAMID for PSO in Darfur.
|
76
|
|
15.
|
Percentage of
response on Level of Climate and Terrain Challenges in Darfur.
|
78
|
|
(a)
|
(b)
|
(c)
|
|
16.
|
Percentage of
response on UNAMID Ability to Minimize Challenges in the Darfur PSO.
|
79
|
|
17.
|
Percentage of
response on whether the Political
Leadership in Darfur is ready for Peaceful Resolution of the Crisis.
|
82
|
|
18.
|
Percentage of
response of SLA leadership ready for Peaceful Resolution.
|
84
|
|
19.
|
Percentage of
Response whether JEM Leadership is ready for Peaceful Resolution.
|
85
|
|
20
|
Percentage of
UNAMID Ability to Monitor and verify Implementation of Agreement.
|
87
|
|
21.
|
UNAMID Ability to
Assist the Political Process in Darfur.
|
89
|
|
|
|
|
|
22.
|
Percentage of
response on the Effect of Multiplicity of Language among UNAMID Personne.l
|
92
|
|
23.
|
Percentage of response on the Problems arising varying
Training and Military System among Troop Contributing Countries on the
Mission.
|
94
|
|
24.
|
Percentage of response on the Extent of UNAMID
Contribution to Human Rights and Rule of Law in Darfur.
|
96
|
|
25.
|
Randomly selected
responses.
|
97
|
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. ACRI - African Crisis
Response Initiative.
2. ADF - African Defence Force.
3. ADO - African
Defence Organisation.
4. AHC - African High Command.
5. AMIS - African
Union Mission in Sudan.
6. AMA-2 - Army Manual 2.
7. AFCSC - Armed Forces Command and Staff College.
8. ASF - African Standby Force.
9. AU - African Union.
10. CFC - Ceasefire Commission.
11. CivPol - Civil Police.
12. CMCA - Charter for Mediation, Conciliation and
Arbitration
13. DDR - Disarmament, Demobilisation and
Reintegration.
14. DPA - Darfur Peace Agreement
15. ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African States.
16. ECOMOG - Economic Community of West African States
Ceasefire
Monitoring Group.
17. EU - European Union.
18. EURRM - European Rapid Reaction Mechanism.
19. FHQ - Force Headquarters.
20. FHC - Force Headquarters Company.
21. GoS - Government of Sudan.
22. HCFA - Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement.
23. INCREP - Incident Reports.
24. ICMS - Integrated Conflict Management System.
25. ICMC - Integrated Conflict Management Circle.
26. IDPs - Internally Displaced Persons.
27. JC - Joint Commission.
28. JEM - Justice and Equality Movement.
29. JMA - Joint
Military Academy.
30. MILOBS - Military Observers.
31. MGS - MILOBs’ Group Sites.
32. MCR - Military Component Reserve.
33. NMRD - National
Movement for Reform and
Development.
34. OAU - Organisation of African Unity.
35. PAE - Pacific Architects Engineers.
36. PDF - Popular
Defence Forces.
37. PF - Protection Force.
38. PKO - Peacekeeping Operation.
39. PSC - Peace and Security Council.
40. SADC - Southern African Development Community.
41. SLA
- Sudan
Liberation Army.
42. SITREP - Situation Reports.
43. SLM/A - Sudan
Liberation Movement/Army.
44. TCC - Troops Contributing Countries.
45. UNAMID - United
Nations African Mission in Darfur.
46. UNSC - United Nation Security Council.
47. UN - United Nations.
48. USA - United States of America.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
For
the purpose of this study, the under listed terms are defined as follows:
1. Conflict: A struggle over of claims to
status, power and scarce resources in an organized political setting resulting
in violence.
2. Intra-state conflict: A conflict that
arises within a state otherwise known as civil war.
3. State: An independent legal entity that
enjoy a permanent population, well-defined territory and a government capable
exercising.
4. Peace: The state prevailing during the
absence of war; harmonious relations; freedom from disputes; a treaty to cease
hostilities.
5. Security: Something that provides a sense of protection against loss,
attack, or harm.
6. Global: relating
to or happening throughout the world.
7. Region: a
large land area that has geographic, political, or cultural characteristics
that of distinguish it from others, whether existing within one country or
extending over several.
8. Continent: Any of the seven large continuous land masses that constitute
most of the dry land on the surface of the earth. They are Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia,
Europe, North America and South America.
ABSTRACT
This study
was set out to examine the dynamics of conflict resolution in Africa with the
Darfur region of Sudan in perspective.
The study became necessary as thousands of lives and properties worth
millions of dollars have been lost to violent conflict in the region since
2003. The AU and UN as the umbrella
organisations of conflict resolution for African continent are the forerunners
to put an end to the conflict in Darfur.
The study explored the causes of the conflict and the groups behind
it. The study further examined the
constraints faced by the AU/UN in restoring peace to the region.
Data for the study were collected
through questionnaires, structured and unstructured interviews with
knowledgeable people on the subject of discuss. The study revealed that the
major cause of the conflict was social injustice manifested in real or
perceived marginalization. The actors in
the conflict include the GOS/A, the JEM, SLA/M and the Janjaweed among
others. Inability of the AU to solely
resolve the conflict is attributed to lack of fund, inadequate operational
equipment, lack of cooperation on the side of the factions and internal challenges
within the AMIS amongst others. The AU could not have achieved any meaningful
resolution in Darfur if it had operated in proof with UN.
The study also proffered a conflict
resolution model for Africa that would assist the AU in achieving its goals in
subsequent conflict situation in the continent. These includes establishment of
standing conflict resolution body similar to UNDPKO, conflict management centre
tasked with providing early warming to conflicts in the continent among others.
Finally, the study made some recommendations that if properly implemented would
enable the AU to resolve conflict in the continent.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The crucial condition for the viability
of a state lies in its ability to provide socio-economic and political security
for its citizens. In functional and
politically matured state, the provision of this security is regarded as a
basic right of the citizens. The failure
of a state to provide these basic rights often gave rise to the feeling of
insecurity which may lead to variances thus leading to conflict.
Conflicts become more apparent when
groups of people on security basis believe that they have to come together for
their security and survival. This
feeling is a function of crisis pervading human society. Considering the trend of crisis in the world
today, conflict can be regarded as an inevitable phenomenon of human
society. Conflict is inevitable because
it often emanates from individuals or groups in reaction to unpleasant
socio-economic and political situation within the society. Conflict is
therefore seen as a multi-dimensional social process which is common and an
essential feature of human existence Isaac Olawale (1998:15). In its simplest
form, conflict refers to the pursuit of incompatible goals by individuals or
groups. In essence, conflict situations
arise when individuals or groups identify a goal, which they want to secure in
order to satisfy material interest, needs or values. When these perceptions lead to actions that
come up against the interest, needs or values of others, a conflict occurs
(Ibid:16).
Globally, countries are increasingly
involved in one conflict or the other.
This has taken different dimension with the advent of modern technology
and the proliferation of arms struggle consequent to the end of the cold
war. Statistically, the current 18 wars
and armed conflicts that are active and fought globally in different levels of
intensity and at different stages of civil war, Africa accounts for 90 per
cent, Evans and Newham (1992:52).
Consequently, there are heightened concerns about sustained violent
conflicts in Africa since the end of the cold war.
During the 1980s, Africa was torn by 9
wars and almost half of the war-related deaths in the world were in Africa. As a result, Africa accounted for over 8
million of the 22 million refugees world wide, Satgneth (1996:16). Conflicts in
Africa have assumed alarming proportion and constitute impediment to Africa’s
development (ibid:30). These conflicts have wrecked devastating
consequences on Africa in terms of societal fragmentation and the
regionalisation of domestic civil wars, which affect regional peace and
security. Consequently, some western
media commentators like Riz Khan of Aljazeera among others have painted
contemporary Africa as the ‘Heat of darkness, hopeless continent and the coming
anarchy’ that is capable of threatening international peace and security
(Ibid:25).
In the last two decades, Africa has been
plagued by intra-state conflicts. Ethnic
and religious clashes were common in most of African countries, with some
escalating to full scale civil wars as in Darfur, Somalia, Liberia, Democratic
Republic of Congo and Cote d’ Ivoire (Ibid:31). These alarming incidence of
medium and high intensity conflicts had their own attendant consequences in
deaths, instability, security and refugees.
This situation has given rise to serious breakdown of law and order in
many societies, bringing in its wake, immense insecurity and human suffering of
great dimensions.
In response to this changing context of
conflict, several African conflict resolution initiatives have come to fore
leading to the dictum, ‘African solutions to African problems Boutros Ghali
(1992:16). Some of these conflict
resolution initiatives include the African Union Peace and Security Council
(AUPSC) and the AU Standby Force. The Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) also made tremendous efforts to
bring peace to Liberia and Sierra Leone. The AU is also spearheading efforts to
bring peace to Darfur through her contribution of men and material to the AU-UN
Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).
Sudan has the largest land mass in
Africa with about 2,376 million square kilometers of land and 129,810 square
kilometer of territorial water and a population of about 39 million people,
United States of America Central Intelligence Agency (2004:168). The
people are predominantly Muslims and their major occupation is farming
(Ibid:169). The history of violent crisis in Sudan dates back to 1955 when the
southerner part rebelled against the GoS and rebels from the southern part of
the country clashed. Since then, the GoS
has been unable to quell the reflection, nor bring about peaceful resolution of
the grievances of the southerners, thus the sporadic occurrence of crisis.
FIGURE 1: MAP OF THE
REPUBLIC OF SUDAN
Source: Microsoft Encarta Premium Atlas, 2010.
The current Darfur crisis erupted in
2003 when the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality
Movement (JEM) launched attacks on government installations including military
formations Collins (1996:284). The crisis is characterized with killings,
looting and destruction of public and private properties. It is estimated that
over 30,000 people have been killed in the Darfur crisis and about 1.2 million
people rendered homeless with about 200,000 of them taking refuge in the
neighbouring Chad Kagwanja (2005:27).
The catalyst for the formation of the
African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) was the N’djamena Agreement. The mission started with a Ceasefire
Monitoring Commission (CFC), a military observer team and a small protection
forces. The force was beefed up by EU
and US as well as parties to the conflict.
Shortly afterwards, it became clear that AMIS needed reinforcement, and
on 20 October 2004, the African Union Peace and Security Council sent in reinforcement.
In view of manpower and materiel constraints coupled with step up measures to
resolve the Darfur crisis, AMIS rejuvenated into UNAMID in collaboration with
United Nations (UN). International Non-governmental Organisations (INGOs/NGOs)
as well as other UN agencies have to plunge into Darfur to arrest the
humanitarian menaces that toppled the Darfur conflict.
Conflict is one of the greatest
challenges facing Africa today and the crisis in Darfur is no exception. The
presence of conflict in one region triggers a spill over as witnessed in Darfur
and Chad crises. Conflict resolution is a very costly venture. Africa is cash trapped and sometimes have to
depends on donor countries to finance conflict resolution initiatives. In view of the foregoing, it would be prudent
if Africa redoubles her effort to strengthen existing mechanisms for conflict
prevention as well as its resolution.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The AU as a regional organization has
the responsibility to restore peace and stability in Darfur. Since the
commencement of the peace mission in October 2004, the AMIS have strived to put
under control the situation in the Darfur, yet reports from the region indicate
persistent grave and unyielding atmosphere.
In consequence to these negative reports
on the unyielding situation in Darfur, the AU has to merge with UN to find
amicable resolution to the Darfur conflict. In this regard the research would
appraise the role of the AU/UN performance at resolving the conflict in Darfur.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The objective of this study are as
follows:
1. To establish the pattern and central theme
of the conflict situations on the continent with reference to the Darfur
Conflict.
2. To find out previous efforts of the AU and
its precursor at resolving the conflict in Darfur.
3. To analyse the performance of both AU/UN in
bringing to an end crisis in Darfur.
4. To
explore ways of addressing the identified challenges of the AU/UN in restoring
peace to Darfur.
5. To formulate a workable mechanism for
conflict resolution in Africa in the twenty-first-century.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The paper will attempt to find answers
to the following questions:
1. What are the fundamental causes, nature,
and dimension of the Darfur Conflict?
2. What
can the AU and UN do to bring an end to the crisis in Darfur?
3. What
are the challenges of the AU and UN in restoring
peace in Darfur?
4. How effective is the current conflict
resolution model in the continent?
5. Is there any resolution mechanism which the
regional and sub-regional organisations could adopt in handling such conflict
situations in the continent?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
It is assumed that the fundamental
causes of conflicts are the same in Africa.
These include corruption, ethnicity and Religious rivalry,
marginalisation of political opponents and development as well as evenly share
of the national cake. Therefore, the study
presupposed that the recommendations proffered in this paper would be adopted
to avert future conflicts.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study is significant as a useful
guide to African leaders in formulating, reforming and strengthening the mechanism
for crisis resolution in Africa in general and Darfur in particular. In
addition, the study will serve as a reference material for further research in
AU crisis response initiative.
1.7 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In other to analyse the subject matter
of this study effectively, the Marxist theory will be adopted to form the
pillar upon which the argument in this study will be based. In the mid-1840s Marx and Engels wrote that
capitalist globalization was seriously eroding the foundations of the
international system of states.
Marx (1970) and Ake (2002), among other
advocates of political economy approach, provide an adaptable framework for
this study. The origin of this theory is associated with Karl Marx who first
employed it for analysing and justifying the root causes of conflicts in human
societies. He places premium on the primacy of material or economic conditions
of society especially in his theory of dialectical materialism in which he
posited that the economic structure known as substructure with emphasis on
labour, is the essence of man’s existence. This is because economic activity is
man’s primary concerns which decisively and invariably determine the
superstructure known as politics, culture and ideological inclinations, socio-psychological
consciousness, national security, etc. This line of argument was amply
corroborated by Ake (Ibid: 2), thus:
Just as economic need is man’s primary need, so economic activity is
man’s primary activity. The primary of work, that is economic productivity, is
the corollary of the primacy of economic need. Man is first a worker or
producer. It is by man’s productive activity that he is able to obtain the
economic means which he needs to sustain his life.
Against this background, the root cause
of Africa’s conflict can be attributed to its dependent nature and structural
weaknesses in the form of a monolithic economy. This can be seen in the
reliance on the economies of the developed western capitalist countries
characterized by imposition of neo-liberal policies on Africa which does not
augur well for the people. This in turn precipitates conflicts in the
continent.
Applying this approach to our study, we
observe that the determination of the strength and weaknesses of Sudan is
contingent on it socio-economic formation or model of production which markedly
affects its overall relationship with the international community. This is so
because the economic system known as the base or substructure is extricably
linked to, and decisively influences the strength of the domestic African
countries which to a greater extent determines its influence on regional and
global peace support operations.
The perspective of this study is in
disagreement with the world Bank/IMF school of thought which sees the fundamental
causes of the African crisis as being entirely domestic. For Africa, perhaps
the most damaging consequence of this line of thinking is that it is partly the
root of the failure of World Bank/IMF policies in the continent. The effect of
this neo-liberal perspective on the African continent (through the policies
which they inform) is all encompassing. The theoretical position that the roots
of the African crisis are solely in Africa marginalizes the systemic and
structural realities in the global system of production and exchange, thus
leading to distorted policy conceptualization, formulation and implementation.
Thus in order to fully understand the nature of conflict in Africa which calls
for incessant peacekeeping, there is need to examine the internal political and
economic contradictions within the context of the larger structure of the world
economy.
1.8 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study will look at conflicts in
Africa and the mechanism for its resolution from 1985 to 2010. It will also examine the subject matter,
going back to the pre-independence era of African states. However, the focus of the study will be on
Darfur region of Sudan.
The causes of the conflict and efforts
made to resolve it will be discussed and assessed. Finally the research would proffer
suggestions or options for the resolution of conflicts in Africa.
1.9 LIMITATIONS
One obvious limitation in this study is
the absence of authoritative primary data like interview with defence experts,
staff of sub-regional organisations and the major players in the conflict. Discussions were however held with Nigerian
and Ghanaian officers that participated in peace support operations in Darfur.
Also some staff of the Nigerian Army Peace Keeping training Centre (NAPTC) Jaji
as well as Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) was consulted. Time constraint
was also a major limitation in that it did not allow for a wider collection of
secondary data.
Another limitation was the inability of
the researcher to make a personal visit to the Sudan for a field survey as a
result of distance and financial implications. It was also impossible to visit
the Embassy of Sudan to get more materials. The Darfur crisis is ongoing. The subject is very dynamic and events
continually to unfold while the study was in progress. Thus, there was the
possibility that conclusion read, based on facts available at a point in time
might change even as the work was submitted. This was a great limitation to the
work as it was not practicable to consider such new facts as they arose which
could have lead to a different conclusion.
Despite these constraints, the quality and the reliability of the
research was not degraded.
1.10 METHODOLOGY
This study will examine the
performance of the UNAMID in Darfur with specific reference to the role of AU
and UN in the crisis. This assessment will include the use of both quantitative
and descriptive using and simple percentages. The study would be based on data
collected from both primary and secondary sources:
1. Primary Data. The primary data
were collected through unstructured interviews, consultations with Brig Gen
Godwin Anyidoho (Rtd) the former Deputy Head of Mission of UNAMID and Brig Gen
J Prah who was the Chief Operations Officer for the UNAMID military component.
Other interviews were also conducted to obtain relevant information from the
personnel of the GAFCSC, AFCSC and KAIPTC as well as other commanders.
2. Secondary Data. The secondary source which provided the substantial part of all
the data used from this research came from relevant books, magazines, journals,
newspapers and the internet. Official publications and service manuals, seminar
and conference reports, lectures and military bulletins were also used.
3. Method of Data Collection. Primary
data were collected through the use of questionnaires and unstructured
interviews. A total of 400
questionnaires were administered and 380 were returned, representing 95%
response.
4. Method of Data Analysis. All
primary data collected were quantitatively analyzed and statistically reported
logically using simple percentages. A content analysis of the secondary data
was carried out qualitatively.
1.11 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
For
the purpose of this study, the under listed terms are defined as follows:
1. Conflict: A struggle over of claims to
status, power and scarce resources in an organized political setting resulting
in violence.
2. Intra-state conflict: A conflict that
arises within a state otherwise known as civil war.
3. State: An independent legal entity that
enjoy a permanent population, well-defined territory and a government capable
exercising.
4. Peace: The state prevailing during the
absence of war; harmonious relations; freedom from disputes; a treaty to cease
hostilities.
5. Security: Something that provides a sense of protection against loss,
attack, or harm.
6. Global: relating
to or happening throughout the world.
7. Region: a
large land area that has geographic, political, or cultural characteristics
that of distinguish it from others, whether existing within one country or
extending over several.
8. Continent: Any of the seven large continuous land masses that constitute
most of the dry land on the surface of the earth. They are Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia,
Europe, North America and South America.
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