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SOLAR TECHNOLOGY:
AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
(S)
TITLE
PAGE..................................................... i
CERTIFICATION............................................... ii
DEDICATION.................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................ iv
TABLE OF
CONTENTS........................................ v-x
LIST OF
TABLES................................................ xi
LIST OF
FIGURES……………………………………………. xii
LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS.................................. xiii
ABSTRACT........................................................ xiv
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY............................... 1-5
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM.............................. 5-7
OBJECTIVE OF THE
STUDY................................... 7
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY............................ 8
SCOPE OF THE
STUDY...................................... 8-9
LIMITATION.................................................... 9
ENDNOTES...................................................... 10-11
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………. 12-13
SOLAR ENERGY AND
TECHNOLOGY…………......... 13-14
SOLAR TECHNOLOGY: TYPE
AND METHODS
OF
STORAGE…………………………………………………… 14-16
TYPES OF SOLAR
TECHNOLOGY………………………. 16-17
PHOTO VOLTAIC
TECHNOLOGY………………………. 17
CONCENTRATING
SOLAR POWER……………………. 18
THE SOLAR POWER
TECHNOLOGY – HOW IT
WORKS………………………………………………………….. 18-19
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY………………………………………………… 19-20
SOLAR TECHNOLOGY
APPLICATION FOR
NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT……………………………... 21-22
SOLAR
LIGHT………………………………………………… 22-23
SOLAR THERMAL
TECHNOLOGIES………………….. 24-25
COOKING……………………………………………………… 25
PRESS
HEAT…………………………………………………. 25-26
SOLAR
CHEMICAL………………………………………… 26
SOLAR
VEHICLE……………………………………………. 26-28
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION…………………………… 28
ELECTRICITY AND
POWER GENERATION
IN
NIGERIA…………………………………………………... 29-40
SOLAR ENERGY AS AN
ALTERNATIVE SOURCE
OF ENERGY FOR
NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT………………………………………………… 41-44
SUMMARY………………………………………………………. 44-46
ENDNOTES……………………………………………………… 47-51
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH
DESIGN......................................... 52
POPULATION AND
SAMPLE SIZE…………………….. 52-53
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES………………………………… 53-54
VALIDATION OF THE
INSTRUMENT………………… 54
METHOD OF DATA
ANALYSIS…………………………. 54-55
TYPE AND SOURCE OF
DATA………………………….. 55
TECHNIQUE OF DATA
COLLECTION…………………. 55-56
IDENTIFICATION OF
VARIABLES…………………….. 56
STATEMENT OF
HYPOTHESIS…………………………. 57
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND
PRESENTATION
DATA
PRESENTATION……………………………………….. 58-61
DATA
ANALYSIS………………………………………………... 62-69
ADVANTAGES OF
SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
AND ITS USE FOR
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT…….. 69-70
SUMMARY……………………………………………………….. 70-71
ENDNOTES………………………………………………………. 72
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………… 73-74
RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………….. 75-76
ANNEX A…………………………………………………………. A-1
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………… 77-81
LIST OF TABLES
Serial Title of Figure Page No
(a) (b) (c)
1. Nigeria’s Primary Energy Deposits 30
2. Energy Consumption in Nigeria (Tons of
Coal Equivalent-TCE) 31-32
3. Electricity Plants Capacity Utilisation
in Nigeria (2000) 33
4. Electricity output and Distribution in
Nigeria 35
5. The Towns and Distribution of Targeted
Respondents in each Town 58
6. Academic Qualification of Respondents 60
7. Answers of Respondents on how they view
the Present State of Power Generation and Supply in Nigeria 63
8. Opinion of Respondents on Solar Energy
being a Perfect Alternative Source of Energy in Nigeria 66
LIST OF FIGURES
Serial Title of Figure Page No
(a) (b) (c)
1. Bar Chart Showing Nigeria’s Primary Energy
Deposits 31
2. Bar Chart Showing Energy Consumption in
Nigeria (Tons of Coal Equivalent-TCE) 32
3. Bar Chart Showing Electricity Plants
Capacity Utilisation in Nigeria (2000) 34
4. Bar Chart Showing Electricity output and
Distribution in Nigeria 36
5. Pie Chart Showing The Towns and
Distribution of Targeted Respondents in each Town 59
6. Bar Chart Showing Academic Qualification
of Respondents 61
7. Bar Chart Showing Answers of Respondents
on how they view the Present State of Power Generation and Supply in Nigeria 64
8. Bar Chart Showing Opinion of Respondents
on Solar Energy being a Perfect Alternative Source of Energy in Nigeria 67
9. Annual Global Production of Photovoltaic
Cells Indicating the High Demand for Solar Technology 68
LIST OF
ABBREVIATION
CFRN - Contribution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
TCC - Troops Contributing Country.
UN - United Nations.
NA - Nigerian Army.
NN - Nigerian Navy.
NAF - Nigerian Air force.
PSO - Peace Support Operations.
UN - United Nations.
ABSTRACT
This research was
carried out to understand solar technology: An alternative source of energy for
national development. The study was based on the pursuance of basic objectives
to ascertain the present state of power generation and supply in Nigeria, to
examine the possibility of reviving the energy sector of Nigeria, highlight the
advantages of solar technology as it affects national development. In essence the
study sets out to contribute to the advancement of knowledge on solar energy in
Nigeria as an alternative power supply for national development. The
quantitative research technique was utilized during the course of the study.
The research explores the historical development of solar energy. It further
highlighted solar energy and its applicability and the solar thermal
technology. It is important to note that for Nigerian to have a stable power
supply, solar energy should be use as an alternative source of power. It is
imperative to know that if Nigerian hopes to develop her economy, government
should develop solar energy power plant across the nation. Universities should
also be encouraged to undergo researches into solar technology. The government
should introduce solar in the science curriculum in Nigeria schools at all
levels.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE
STUDY
1. The development of a nation brings an
effective transformation of its socio-political, economic, cultural, technology
and industrial bases. More so, within the particular conception of
socio-economic processes which underscores every economic system, economic
development, globally, resolves around the issues of the character, structure,
pattern and evolution of desirable inter-personal relations of production,
allocation and utilization of available resources in any country.1
2. In order to achieve these and put national
development on course, modern operational technologies with respect to
production, allocation and utilization is designed and tied strictly to the use
of energy in one form or the other.2 Based on the above, it is seen that the
quest to rapidly and firmly put the Nigerian state on course of sustainable
development is technically a function of adequate and sustained supply and
distribution of energy. According to the present Governor of the Central Bank
of Nigeria, Sanusi, the Nigeria economy will continue to take a wrong course
until the power sector of the nation is put on the right track.3 This underlines
the need of an adequate supply of energy to the nation in general and the
industrial sector in particular.
3. The above synopsis indeed, explain the
major reason why one of the frustrating and disturbing issue in Nigeria
national development today is that of epileptic power supply particularly since
the late 1980’s. The situation of the emerging electricity outrage from the
supply inadequacy, especially in the late 1990’s was that of persistent
electricity power shortage at alarming rates.4 This is in the face of abundant
primary electricity resources- coal, natural gas, geothermal, tide, solar,
biogas, and biomass to mention but the few. This period was a period that could
by tagged the “Dark days” in Nigeria.
4. Apart from economic and political crisis
that grounded socio-political and economic activities in the country, the
period of
the 1990s was
defined as a period of serious electricity crisis. This period was also tagged
to be a crucial or decisive moment; an undesirable turning point; a time of
difficulty and distress. To cap it, the ugly situation of electricity shortages
and inadequacy shows the emergence of a crisis situation in which electricity
supply could not catch up with its high demand. The use and need of alternative
power generators then becomes the order of the day. The use of generators has
however cost the nation in ways of air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide
which has resulted to death especially of member of households. Some other cost
has been noise pollution, and the expensive cost of maintaining some of these
generators which has at one time or the other stalled industrial production and
high cost of production.5
5. This has thus created the need for other
safer and less expensive alternatives of power supply. The adoption of solar
energy as an alternative power supply then becomes most necessary. This
involves the use of lenses or mirrors and tracking system to focus a large area
of sunlight into a small beam and then converts light into electric current
using the photo electric effect, while PV is a device that converts light into
electric current using the photo electric effect.6
6. Solar power has great potential. In 2008,
solar power supplied about 0.02% of the world total energy supply.7 The
technology is now been popular following the energy crisis that engulfed that
world system in the 1990’s. There are many competing technologies, including
fourteen types of photo electric cells, such as thin film, mono crystalline
silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous cells, as well as multiple
types of concentrating solar power. This
creates the bases for many alternatives and options even in the solar power
energy technology.
7. The adoption of solar technology in
Nigeria especially in recent times has been rather dramatic with its increasing
role especially in household usage. The Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF)
director, Dr. Onyebuci Onyegbule, in a fundraising expressed that the NCF
considered the introduction of Photo Voltaic (PV) technology a necessity. The
consensus was that GWU Solar should consider rural communities by fabricating
small power machines for agriculture, the running of cottage industries, and
the introduction of demonstration centres for raising awareness.8
8. The tropical climate makes solar energy
the most viable alternative source of renewable energy in Nigeria. Harnessing the sun's energy to produce power
is an imperative for rural areas where the hope of being connected to the
national grid is very remote and extremely expensive. It is however unfortunate
that in spite of the inherent high potentials for solar technology in Nigeria
and the immense benefits of the use of solar technology Nigeria is yet to take
full advantage it.
STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM
9. It is a fact that the quest for national
development in Nigeria relies heavily on the need for a sustainable power
supply. Nigeria been a country with a lot of potentials and resources stands a
chance to acquire such sustainable power supply. However the country still
battles with the high rate of power outages which has not only crippled the
business environment of the nation but has also discouraged foreign investment.
The development of Nigeria however relies heavily on investment in the
industrial sector which in turn is dependent upon a sustainable and adequate
power supply in the nation.
10. The household sector has also suffered
greatly from the power problem in Nigeria. Power supply in some areas in
Nigeria remains a mirage as people continue to seek for alternative power
supply for their homes and small businesses. One of such alternative power
supply which however has not been fully tapped is the solar energy. Based on
the foregoing, this study seeks to proffer answers to the following:
a. What is the present state of power
generation and supply in the country?
b. Can the energy sector in Nigeria be
revived?
c. Can solar energy be an alternative to the
present source of energy in Nigeria?
d. What are the advantages of solar
technology as it affects National development?
OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
11. The general objective of this study is to
examine the possibility of using solar technology as an alternative source of
energy for Nigeria national development. Specifically, the study will achieve
the following objectives:
a. Examine the present state of power
generation and supply in Nigeria.
b. Examine the possibility of reviving the
energy sector of Nigeria.
c. Consider the use of solar energy as an
alternative source of energy for National development in Nigeria.
d. Highlight the advantages of solar
technology as it affects national development.
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
12. The importance of this study is underscored
by the fact that it would contribute to the advancement of knowledge on solar
energy in Nigeria as an alternative power supply for National development. The
investigations in this study will also assist Government agencies particularly
the Ministry of Power and Energy to appreciate the significance of solar
technology in enhancing National development. It will further help in stimulating
further research on the solar energy as an alternative power supply. It is also
hoped that the study will add to existing literature and body of knowledge on
the interrelationship between the concepts of energy supply and National
development. It will also provide material for future studies on this topic.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
13. The issue of the adoption of solar energy as
an alternative power supply in Nigeria has been ongoing for a while now. This
has led to projects and programmes which have been introduced in Nigeria Since
the inception of democracy in Nigeria in 1999, different states in the
federation have implemented several measures in developing the power.
14. In the course of this study, only relevant
literature on this topic from the periods of 1999 to 2010 will be referred to.
This is because of the need to make the study familiar to current leadership
who has been key players in the formulation of existing policies.
LIMITATIONS
15. A major limitation is the dependence of this
study on secondary data to analyse the problems in the study. Although the data
used was from reputable agencies and bodies, the authenticity of their findings
might not be insulated from bias. This however did affect the quality of
research carried out as the researcher adopted proper and comparative analysis
in arriving at a veritable research work.
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