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MODE OF
UNIVERSITIES HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The
study was on Mode of Universities
Students’ Hostel Accommodation And Students’ Academic Performance in Selected Federal Universities in Nigeria. Accommodation which is also referred
to as shelter has been described as the second basic necessities of man after
food. The need for housing cannot be over emphasized. According to habitat.com,
urban populations have increased rapidly across the globe, often outstripping
available housing. In case of students in the universities, housing refers to
the provision of ‘on campus’ hostel accommodation. In recent times, as a result
of expansion in student population, hostel accommodation for university
students in Nigeria has become a major concern for both students, parents and
even to the school authorities as almost all the universities fail to provide
adequate accommodation for students. In
cases where it is provided, such accommodation is known to be terribly bad,
dirty, congested and overcrowded thereby impeding their capability of learning
effectively. The objectives of this research work however is to determine if
there are any effect of students’ hostel accommodation on academic performance.
The research instrument used for this study are the results of both the
accommodated and not accommodated 400 levels students for the last three
sessions (i.e. 100L – 300L) and an interview guide. The interview guide was
administered on 600 students from the universities of Lagos and Ibadan of which
only 400 responses were collected, relevant and therefore useful for the study.
The data gathered were used to compute a descriptive statistics tables and for
the presentation, the research hypotheses one was tested using Paired sample
T-test statistical techniques as an inferential analysis and hypothesis two was
tested with the aid of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient
(PMCC) to derive the conclusion for the study. The major findings of the
research showed that there is a significant difference in the academic
performance of students that are
‘on-campus’ to those staying
‘off-campus’ . On-campus students performed better academically than
off-campus students. It was revealed that the sex and age of the students do
not determine or influence the mode of allocation of hostels
in Federal Universities. It was recommended that federal universities in
Nigeria must look for a way of increasing the number of bed space available in
the halls of residence by directly building additional blocks to the existing
ones and involving private sector partnership.Secondly,
the universities, being citadel of higher learning should be involved in
research, development and demonstration of local building materials for student
housing construction. This will involve the concerted efforts of the lecturers,
researchers, students and the backing of the university authorities and, thus
saving cost on construction.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background
to the Study
Housing
generally refers to the social problem of ensuring that members of society have
a home in which to live, whether this is a house, or some other kind of
dwelling, lodging, or shelter. Many governments have an administrative section
that deals with housing. The significance of housing as a major determinant of
man's welfare, life sustenance and survival is very critical and will always be
of prime concern to individual, family, community and the nation at large.
Housing is
paramount to human existence as it ranks among the top three needs of man. Its
provision has always been of great necessity to man. As a unit of the
environment, housing has profound influence on the health, efficiency and
social welfare of the community (Omole, 2001).
In case of
students in the universities, housing refers to the provision of hostel
accommodation. In recent times, as a result of expansion in student population,
hostel accommodations for university students in Nigeria has become a major
concern for both students, parents and even to the school authorities as almost
all the universities fail to provide adequate accommodation facility for
students. In cases where it is provided, such accommodation is known to be
terribly bad, dirty, congested and overcrowded thereby impeding their
capability of learning effectively.
The
importance of the social environment in students' life cannot be
overemphasized. Availability, adequacy, and functionality of hostel facilities
are the key factors in the determination of students’ choice of university,
staying focused and satisfaction. This therefore makes it imperative for
schools to give students housing a top priority while enhancing the reputation
of the school among other contemporaries.
The students' housing is said to include facilities such as bedrooms
which can serve the dual purpose of study and sleeping, bathrooms and toilets,
kitchen, laundry, recreational areas and access to internet services as this
further enhance the study-learning experience.
Abramson
(2009) on his part, stated that the student housing can be further made
exciting by providing further facilities such as ATM machines, car park, mini
markets, bookshops and cafeterias within the precinct of the students' housing.
Federal
universities in Nigeria face a momentous challenge every year to accommodate
and maintain the hostel facilities in the universities. Within the higher
education sector, there is a large increase in the student intake every
year. Therefore, the importance of
hostels facilities for university undergraduates has substantially increased.
Since, it is believed that the facilities provided in the hostels for the
students has some impact on their academic performance. The lack of
satisfaction in the hostels has motivated many generations of students to take
action against the unsatisfactory conditions and many unfortunate incidents of
student militancy were originated in the hostels (Weeramunda, 2008).
Furthermore, lack of general knowledge, experience, maturity, lack of practical
skills and analytical ability as well as ill-equipped teaching, classroom
environment, financial difficulties, poor residential facilities and lack of
communication between students and teachers have been identified as main
factors handicapping students from fully enjoying the benefits of university
education (Ariyawansa & Perera, 2005 as in Perera, 2013).
As
competitive as hostel accommodation in federal universities in Nigeria may be,
the mode and procedures for allocating hostels/bed space poses yet another
migraine. While some universities make reservations for the first and final
year students in order to ease their worries and quickly settle down to the business
of learning, others provide equal opportunity to all students to vie for available space. The latter most times is
either carried out by first come, first serve basis, the purchase of scratch
card and/or balloting means. However the approach, if it does not provide
hostel accommodation for all desirous students especially the new students (who
are struggling to settle down in a new environment) and the final years
students (who at the time, would have a lot of commitment within the school
environment), then, such arrangement/system is not adequate and effective.
In most
cases, facilities provided at campus in federal universities are so obsolete
and poorly maintained. Some of the facilities sparking protest included the
lack of adequate power supply, water supply, good convenience (toilets and
bathroom), maintenance of electrical gadgets, entertainment gadgets (such as
television, decoders at the common rooms), etc. despite paying exorbitant fees.
In fact, one of the universities was recently shut down when a 300level student
was electrocuted and killed by a naked wire in the hostel staircase (Daily
Times 30th April, 2016). Students vent their anger on school management for not
maintaining the facilities despite several complaints.
The
variables we chose to measure the living and study environments are listed
below. In these variables, a hostel is a place where student housing and
catering needs are provided. Data were obtained on two types of variables
thought to be related to GPA by conducting a survey of a random sample of
resident students: variables measuring the living environment, and variables
measuring the study environment:
The
Variables measuring the living environments are: Time spent in hostel; Type of
room; Number of times student changes blocks; Ability to study in room during
the day; Ability to study in room at night; Sources from where students obtains
their meals; Satisfaction with the level of services provided by the catering
departments; Sufficiency of water supply in the hostels; Safety in rooms;
Effectiveness of security personnel.
On the other
hand, the Variables measuring the study environments are field of study;
Current year of study; Financial assistance; Time spent on study; Sufficiency
of study rooms; Library facilities; Safety studying at classes at night;
Availability of study desk in room; Availability of study chair in room and
Availability of study lamp in room.
Against this
backdrop, this study become necessary in order to beam a critical search light
on the mode of allocation of student hostels and the conditions of hostels
facilities in the Nigerian universities to ascertain if there is an impact
versa-vice academic performance.
Statement of
Problems
As a result
of expansion in student population, accommodations for university students in
Nigeria has become a huge problem for both students, parents and university
authorities as almost all the universities have failed to provide accommodation
facility for students. The very few accommodations that are being provided are
not well maintained and also below standard, thereby exposing students to
frustrated life on campus. Nigerian university students presently live under a
horrible condition on school campus. Their accommodation is known to be
terribly bad, insanity, congested and overcrowded thereby impeding their
capability of learning effectively. Some of the very few universities that
provide accommodation do not make enough provision. Rooms that are meant to
serve just two students now accommodate up to seven students. Yet such
arrangement can only provide for just 40 percent of the total students
population.
Despite
concerted efforts by government and university authorities, solution to student
hostel accommodation problems has remained a mirage. It is against this
backdrop that a critical search is beamed on this research which leads to the
objectives of the study.
Purpose/
Objectives of the Study
Given the
statement of problems above, the objectives of this study amongst others are:
1. To ascertain if there are special
preference to sex and age of students in the allocation of hostels in the
Nigerian federal universities.
2. To ascertain if there are special
preference to faculties and course of study in the allocation of hostels in the
Nigerian federal universities.
3. To obtain student perceptions on living
and study variables that affect the
living and study environments of student at the identified Universities
4. To identify those variables from 3, which
are significantly related to student GPA.
5. To ascertain whether or not there is any
impact on student academic performance as result of adequate and efficient
student hostel accommodation.
Research
Question
The study
addressed the following questions.
1. Are hostels in the Nigerian federal
universities allocated based on sex and age of the students?
2. Are there any special preference in the
allocation of hostels in the Nigerian federal universities based on faculties,
departments and course of study?
3. Do students feel that the campus
amenities such as room fittings (TV, Bedspace, dining room, Toilet, Bathroom,
etc), Hospital/Clinic availability and library which provides sufficient study
materials, helps in reducing distractions and thereafter enables students
concentrate wholly on their studies?
4. Do students feel that the campus
residence is safe enough in terms of studying in classes at night, safety in
their rooms and the performance of the security personnel?
5. Is there any correlation between the
living, study variables and student GPA?
6. What factors are responsible for the
preference of federal universities and the attendant shortage of hostel
accommodation in Nigeria’s federal universities?
Research
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
One
H0: There is
no significant relationship between adequate hostel accommodation and improved
academic performance amongst students in Nigeria’s federal universities.
Hypothesis
Two
H0: There
are no significant relationship between
sex, age, faculties, departments and/or even course of study and
allocation of hostels in Federal
Universities .
Scope of the
Study
The scope of
this study is to establish the correlation between appropriate hostel
accommodation and improved academic performance. This study is however limited
to the evaluation of hostel facilities in only the four identified federal
universities in Nigeria. Only information obtained as regards the implication
of the modes used for allocation of hostels and the satisfactorily extent of
hostel facilities are considered.
Significance
of the Study
The study
which is aimed at ascertaining if there is any relationship between appropriate
hostel accommodation and improved performance in a student academic career will
no doubt be relevant to the student and their parent for decision making
purposes. Since shelter is one of human’s top necessities, everyone is in dire
need of one, especially if new in an environment. Hence, both parents and their
wards would consider the likelihood of getting accommodation within and around
the campus before making a choice of university to attend or send their wards
to as the case may be.
The study
will also be useful and relevant to the entire workforce of the school
authority for planning purposes. The Dean of student affairs, Senate and other
planning executive within the confines of the university environment would like
to know the percentage of total student accommodated, revenue stream that is
forgone due to inadequate provision of hostel accommodation and limiting
capacity due to inadequate facilities such as the hostel accommodation.
The Research
will also be relevant and useful to Government in the areas of policy
formulation and implementation as regards infrastructure development in federal
government universities.
The Research
will be relevant to upcoming researchers in this field and indeed to the
general public and the society at large as it will help upgrade the standard of
education.
Limitation
of the study
This study
was limited by some factors such as:
1. Time constraints in covering all the
federal universities in Nigeria as it will involve more financial implication.
2. All questionnaires might not be retrieved
from the respondents.
Definition
of Terms
1. Housing – Housing generally refers to
the social problem of ensuring that members of society have a home in which to
live, whether this is a house, or some other kind of dwelling,lodging, or
shelter.
2. Social Environment - The social
environment is simply the culture the student is educated or lives in, the
people and institution which the student interact with. With the black
continent social status, there are usually class and circle segregation issues.
3. Student Hostel (SH) – refers to the
housing or accommodation provided by the school authorities for student
residential needs. It is usually within the school premises (Campus). However,
in some seldom cases, some hostels are sited off camp, especially privately
owned hostels.
4. Students’ Hostel Satisfaction (SHS) –
refers to the students’ residential satisfaction with the hostel facilities in
relation to their needs, requirements and experiences. This has to do with
whether or not the rooms are furnished with mattresses and pillows, tables and
chairs for studying, wardrobes, air-conditioner or ceiling fans, shoes racks,
railings where towels can be hung, mirrors for dressing, waste bins, effective
lighting system and adequate electrical outlets. Others include study-bedrooms,
washrooms (i.e., bathrooms and laundry rooms), pantry, leisure rooms (i.e.,
study areas, computer centers, television lounges, meeting rooms, and a prayer room for Muslims).
5. Student Hostel Facilities(SHF) -
include the following Student residential amenities such as: study-bedroom,
washroom (toilet, bathroom and laundry), pantry (kitchenette), common and
recreation room, study room computer room, television room meeting room, prayer
room (musallla) lobby, support services
vehicles parking lot, cafeteria, mini market and mini bookshop, ATM machine and
public phone, CCTV surveillance system, security guards, lifts/stairs, electrical
wiring, water supply, garbage disposal and fire safety.
6. Academic Performance – refers to
rating of a student, especially after taking an examination. There are various
academic status/standings in the university. They include Distinction (1st
Class) for performance rating between 4.5 – 5.0, Second Class Upper (2.1) for
performance between 3.5 – 4.49, Second Class Lower (2.2) for 2.5 – 3.49. Third
Class for performance rating between 2.0 – 2.49 and pass for performance rating
between 1.0 – 1.99.
7. University – The University is an
institution of higher learning. In Nigeria, there are Federal Universities
(which are owned by the federal government), State Universities (owned by
federating states) and Private Universities (owned by individuals or private
bodies).
8. Government – A government is the system by
which a state or community is controlled. Government in this context refers to
the Federal Government of Nigeria.
9. University Authorities - According to
Nigeria Education Act, on university administration, the visitor which is
usually the president tops the ivory tower administrative ladder, followed by
the minister of education. However, the highest principal officer of the
university is the chancellor, he presides at convocation ceremonies and other awards
giving function. On the mellow rung of the ladder is the pro-chancellor, who
chairs the university governing council – the apex decision making body. The
day to day academic affairs and other activities of the university is the
responsibility of the senate. The
helmsman of the senate is usually the vice-chancellor. He is the university
chief administrator. Next on the ladder rungs is the registrar.
10. Population – refers to the summation
of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular
geographical area. However, population as used in this study refers to the
total number of students in the university.
11. Jambite or ‘wanna be’ student – refers
to the ‘would be’ students that have applied to become students of the
university.
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