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EXTENT OF
USE OF INSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF BUSINESS
EDUCATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Instruction
materials in teaching, it is highly desirable to know exactly what one aims to
achieve as it is in all great undertaking. Instructional materials according to
Wiki (1998), are kind of tools or equipment that can help the instructor
effectively in theory teaching classroom or in practical assessment. They are
also materials that aid in the transference of information from one to another.
Also Ilori (2000) pin-pointed that instructional material are aids.instruction
materials
the teacher
uses to arouse the interest of the learner there by enabling the learner to
gain direct experience. Instructional materials are assumed to have being in
place right from the primary school level but if not properly utilized, enhancement
of learning is thwarted. Teaching at any level requires that the students be
exposed to some form of simulation. Adekunle (2008) in Dr. (Mrs) E.O kobia
(2011) noted that teaching resources means anything that can assist the teacher
in promoting teaching and learning. When the students are given the chance to
learn through more senses than one they can learn faster and easier.According
to Nwafor.C. E and Eze, S.O (2014) instructional materials refer to materials
that are used to facilitate teaching and learning. It enables the teacher
communicate ideas or concepts with ease as they appeal to many senses at a
time. The learner can see touch, smell or taste thereby making learning more
meaningful. This agrees with the Chinese proverb that state: I hear, i forget,i
see,i remember and i do,i understand.instruction materials
The use of
instructional materials provides the teacher with interesting and compelling
platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to learn more.
Furthermore the teacher is assisted in overcoming physical difficulties that
could have hindered his effective presentation of a given topic. Larson (2001)
quoted Lane (1994) who noted that the use of electronically mediated
instruction to duplicate the traditional face to face classroom has resulted in
a shift from teacher3 to student3 centred classes. In this situation the
responsibility for learning is shifted to the students.The teacher facilitates
the learning by acting as a coach resource guide and companion in learning.The
use of instructional materials does not only encourage teachers and students to
work collaboratively but also results in more cooperative learning activities
among the students. Ikerionwu(2000) refers to instructional materials as
objects or devices which help the teacher to make learning meaningful to the
learners. Similarly, Ezegbe(1994) classified them into two as visual materials
made up of reading and non reading materials and audiovisual materials
comprising electrically operated and non-electrically operated materials.
Business studies are a subject that depends on the use of a number of
resources. Osakwe and Itedjere (1993) summarized these resources as textual
like books, audio-visual and human resource.instruction materials
They stated
that these resources are either used individually or collectively in any
meaningful teaching and learning situation. The purpose of instructional
materials is to promote efficiency of education by improving the quality of
teaching and learning. Incorporating these
tools and materials present, support and reinforces teaching. According to
Aduwa-Ogiegban and Imogie (2005) these materials and resources including audio
tape recorders, video tape recorders, slide projectors, opaque projectors,
overhead projectors, still pictures, programmed instruction, filmstrip, maps,
chart, graphs, and many more offer a variety of learning experiences
individually or in combination to meet different teaching and learning
experience. Other investigators including Jimoh (2009), Nwanyanwu (1999) and
Ogbondah (2008) have similarly emphasized the importance of instructional
materials and resources in the effective delivery of business studies lessons
in secondary schools. These views have been corroborated by international
investigators including Blick, Berson and Coutts (2003), Killen (2006), Dahar
and Faize (2011) they observed that while some educators are fascinated by the
potential of instructional materials in enhancing teaching and learning, other
teachers logged behind in using instructional materials to teach. However,
achieving these laudable goals of conscientious utilization of instructional
materials and resources in business studies teaching and learning has been very
challenging in developing countries such as Nigeria. Nigeria teachers operates
from a deficient environment where teaching and learning is seriously
impoverished particularly in the rural setup. And even in the urban areas only
few schools are connected to the national grid basic facilities like pipe borne
water and electricity.instruction materials
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Since the
inception of National Junior Secondary school Business studies curriculum in
Nigeria, few studies have been devoted to evaluating the availability and
utilization of instructional materials and resources in the teaching of
business studies in the Junior Secondary school of Nigeria. Business studies
teachers face both old and new challenges and need to evolve strategies to
engage learners in activities that are active, meaningful and challenging. In
this view the researcher wants to investigate extent of use of instruction
materials for effective teaching and learning of Business Education in junior
secondary school.instruction materials
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main
objective of this study is extent of use of instruction materials for effective
teaching and learning of Business Education in junior secondary school. But for
the successful completion of the study; the researcher intends to achieve the
following sub-objectives;
1. To examine the extent at which instructional
materials in used in teaching and learning business studies in Nigeria
secondary school
2. To identify the value added or importance of
instructional materials to teaching and learning in business studies
3. Identify the types of instructional
materials being used for teaching in order to achieve students’ academic
performance in business studies.
4. To identify methods to improve the use of
instructional materials in business studies
5. To ascertain the extent to which these
instructional materials are being utilized in teaching and learning of business
studies in junior secondary school
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the
successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were
formulated by the researcher;
H0: there
are types of instructional materials being used for teaching in order to
achieve students’ academic performance in business studies
H1: there
are no types of instructional materials being used for teaching in order to
achieve students’ academic performance in business studies
H02:There is
no significant relationship between the extent of use of instructional
materials and the teaching and learning effectiveness of business studies
H2:there is
a significant relationship between the extent of use of instructional materials
and the teaching and learning effectiveness of business studies
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is
believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of benefit
to the federal ministry of education as the study will help the ministry to
provide adequate instructional materials to junior secondary schools in
Nigeria. It will enlighten them on the extent of use of instructional materials
in the teaching to learning of business studies and even bring into awareness
how important it is to both the teachers’ teaching effectiveness and students’
academic performance. The study will also be of great benefit to the
researchers who intends to embark on research on similar topics as it will
serve as a guide. Finally, the study will be of great importance to academia’s,
lecturers, teachers, students and the general public.instruction materials
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of
this study covers extent of use of instructional materials for effective
teaching and learning of business education in junior secondary school. In the
course of the study, the researcher encounters some constrain which limited the
scope of the study;instruction materials
a)
AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the
researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The
time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the
researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the
study.instruction materials
c)
Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it
difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the
activities.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
EXTENT: The
area covered by something.
INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIAL: Instructional materials are the tools used in educational lessons,
which includes active learning and assessment. Basically, any resource a
teacher uses to help him teach his students is an instructional material
EFFECTIVE:
Successful in producing a desired or intended result.
TEACHING:
Perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary
school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary
schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and
will teach them the whole curriculum.
LEARNING:
Learning is the act of acquiring new or modifying and reinforcing existing
knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences which may lead to a
potential.
BUSINESS EDUCATION:
Business education involves teaching students the fundamentals, theories, and
processes of business. Education in this field occurs at several levels,
including secondary education and higher education or university education.
JUNIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL: Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of
Education. Local authorities take … Students spend six years in Secondary
School that is 3 years of JSS (Junior Secondary School), and 3 years of SSS
(Senior Secondary School).
1.8
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This
research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows
Chapter one
is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the
study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses,
significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of
terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the
theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related
literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted
in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and
presentation of finding. Chapter five
gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.instruction
materials.
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