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BOKO HARAM
INSURGENCY AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
The study
investigated effects of insurgency on educational development in Borno State.
Basic education is the first level of education for children at primary 1 level
to basic 9 which is the junior secondary school level in Nigeria. However,
achieving education for all Nigerian children, Borno state need a secured
teaching and learning environment. The study examined the effect of insurgent activities
such as abduction of pupils and attacks on teachers in basic schools of Borno
State and its effect to the development of the education in the state. The
sample for the study was 270 teachers of basic schools, selected on the basis
of 10 teachers from each of the 27 local government area that constitute Borno
State. The instrument for data collection was a 20 items questionnaire title:
Boko Haram Insurgency and educational development Questionnaires (HIEDQ). Two
research questions were formulated, data collected were converted to mean,
standard deviation and used to answer the research questions. It was therefore
recommended that the Nigerian government should provide security to the state.
The government should show higher commitment in mobilizing the armed forces to
end the insurgency in the State and provide adequate security in schools. It
was further recommended that the religious leaders should preach against
violence act in their respective communities.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
Historically,
Borno State, which was founded in 1976, initially comprised the present Borno
and Yobe State. Prior to the advent of insurgency, it has been a relatively
peaceful, multicultural and dynamic State in Nigeria. The State is fortunate to
have human and natural resources, which have created many opportunities for its
indigenes and other Nigerians to live in harmony. Borno State started
experiencing the global trend of insurgency from 2009 (Adamu, 2014). Which led
to the gruesome killings of innocent Nigerian citizens perpetrated by an
insurgent group called Boko Haram (Adamu, 2014). Since 2009, they have disrupts
educational system in Borno State with huge negative effect on basic education.
The insurgent group dislikes children attending schools, and also committed
criminal offences ranging from kidnaping of school pupils and attacking
teachers in schools (Adeyemi, 2014). There is major destruction of school
activities in the state. Recent past, they used under-age girls to carry out
suicide bombing of major shopping mall, cinema halls and bus station. Moreso,
Abduction of school children and the elderly were also common in their recent
styles of mindless attack.
Geographically,
according to Borno State Government (BSG, 2012) the State is the largest State
in Nigeria in terms of land mass territory which covers 69,435 square
kilometers, which is located in the north eastern corner of Nigeria.
Educationally, the State is a center for education to all its international and
national neighbors such as the northern part of Cameroun, the southern part of
Chad and Republic of Niger. Many students from Adamawa, Gombe and Yobe State in
Nigeria had also benefited from the State basic education program. The major
tribe in Borno State is called “Kanuri” which constitute the higher hierarchy
in the management of basic education in the state. Occupationally, majority of
the people in Borno state are famers, fishermen and herdsmen but also send
their children to the basic schools. The State is having a conventional
university known as University of Maiduguri, a polytechnic, colleges of
education, many senior secondary schools as well as many basic schools.
The Nigerian
National Policy on Education (FGN, 2004) defined basic education as the type of
education received at primary school level up to junior secondary school level.
According to
the Universal Basic Education Commission, the objectives of the basic education
are as follows:
a) Provision
of scholarship to drop out of school children through the basic education
programme.
b) Ensure
the acquisition of the appropriate levels of literacy, manipulative and life
skills (as well as the ethical, moral and civic values needed for laying the
foundation for life-long learning.
c) Develop
the entire citizens with a strong consciousness for education and a strong
commitment to its education
d) Provide
free, compulsory, universal basic education for every Nigerian students of
school age group.
e) Reduce
drastically, drop outrage from the formal school system through improved
relevance and efficiency curriculum.
Universal
Basic Education is the transmission of knowledge to all Nigerian society from
generation to generation. It has two main components— Universal and Basic
Education. Universal means a programme that is meant for all arms of the
society such as the poor and the rich, the physically challenge and all the
school dropouts people in Borno State. While Basic Education means the
beginning of acquisition of desirable skill, knowledge and attitude in a formal
school system. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of insurgency
on universal basic education in Borno State and make appropriate solution to
the challenges of basic education in the State.
1.1
Background of Study
Since the
inception of President Goodluck Jonathan administration in Nigeria, security
challenges has become an issue in discourse hence Boko Haram.
Its
philosophy stands for outright rejection of Western education, Western culture
and modern science and advocates the propagation of strict adherence to Islam
in its purest form. Boko Haram represents the vision and mission of a
fundamentalist Islamic movement in Nigeria. The sect known as Jama'atu Ahlis
Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad (people committed to the propagation of the
prophet's teachings and Jihad) seeks to Islamize Nigeria by whatever means at
its disposal and at whatever human cost. So far the dastardly activities of
this sect have been confined to churches, security operatives and public
buildings in the Northern states and the Federal Capital Territory but now have
shifted to schools especially in Brono, Yobe and Adamawa state of Northern
Nigeria.
The
atmosphere of insecurity currently pervading the nation is now worsened by the
allegation of complicity among high-ranking security personnel, executive
cabinet which president Good Luck Jonathan openly said Boko Haram have
infiltrated his government.
The spate of
bombing now is targeted at primary schools, secondary schools and tertiary
institutions respectively; killing and maiming students, teachers, lecturers as
well as burning school building at will which forced majority of schools to
close down in the North especially Borno, Yobe and Adamawa state respectively.
The trend of
insecurity in the country especially with activities of the dreaded Islamic
sect popularly known as Boko Haram has become a major concern for every
Nigerian. Significant stakeholders in the country have offered suggestions on
the need to check the new security challenges posed by the dreaded Islamic sect
in the country. While some suggested that amnesty be offered to the group;
others called for collaboration with world leaders and international
organizations as strategies to rid the country of Boko Haram terrorists. Some
also suggested the need for strengthening of internal security to combat sect.
It is against this background that this paper tends to stress the effect of
Boko Haram Insurgency on education system especially in the Northern states of
Borno, Yobe and Adamawa state respectively. More of the Boko Haram Insurgency
will be discussed with events and date in the next chapter.
1.2
Statement of Problem
Empathically,
many schools in Borno State had experienced several attacks from the insurgent
group; some basic schools especially in Baga towns in northern part of the
State have been closed down for 2 years (BSMOE, 2015). The authors strongly
stated that, insurgency should not be allowed to penetrate in to any nations,
in a manner it penetrated in to Nigeria through Borno State. The problem could
be traced when the Boko Haram group uses religion to set up rules in a
community unnoticed, advance it with violence to the State level and
metamorphous in to an insurgent group, and disturbed the peace of the State.
The authors argued that, this could happen due to the negligence on the part of
the then Borno State government, which served as a lesson to other countries in
Africa.
Moreso,
education in Borno State have been experiencing serious problem prior to the
insurgency, there are shortage of classes for teaching and learning, shortage
of instructional materials and teachers (NUT, 2007). This has indicated that
basic school is under-funded by the State government. Lack of payment of teacher’s
salary which lead to frequent strike by basic school teachers are also concern
to many families (NUT, 2008). Moreover, while the state is struggling to
overcome the existing problems, insurgent came in as a bigger challenged to the
State, which now posed as a threat to many parents, and children of school age
in Borno State.
All these
phenomenal, prompted the researcher to conduct this study and have a
researchable solutions to the effect of this insurgency on education in Borno
state. The outcomes of this study will be of considerable benefits to Nigerian
students in the area of socio-cultural value on education, also serve as an
insight for other countries to study the situation in Nigeria and avert any
pre-insurgency activities in their Nations. More to the issue of the Boko Haram
Insurgency, the educational system have not been able to grow or expand beyond
its cost for the past decade rather foreign students have departed due to the
insecurity
1.3 Aim and
Objective of the Study
The aim of
this research is to find out if the effects of the Boko Haram Insurgency on
educational development of Boron State. With the following objectives.
Highlights
the problem caused by the Insurgency to the development of education in Borno
state.
Calls the
attention of the government on the need and urgency for resolving the issue in
Boron State
1.4 Research
Question
The
following research question as constructed to guide and streamline this
research work to is core importance.
Since the
beginning of Boko Haram Insurgency in the state, has there been any school that
is established?
Sir what has
been thee population growth of your school after the Insurgency history came up
in this state?
Based on the
Boko Haram Insurgency in the state has the academic performance of your student
dropped for any reason?
How free are
the students and the staff of your school been in movement and functionality
since the Insurgency Boko Haram came to place?
1.5 Research
Hypothesis
The
researcher formulated two research hypothesis or assumption which will be
tested using the chi-square data formula and a 0.5 percent error percent. The
hypothesis will be accepted or rejected based on its significance effect.
Ho1 – There
is no significant difference in educational development in the state from the
previous years when the Boko Haram Insurgency has not come to place.
Ho2 - There
is no significant difference in student performance and growth attendance among
urban and rural schools in states that are prone to Boko Haram Insurgency in
Boron State Nigeria
Ho3 - There
is no significant difference in population growth of the student in respect to
the Boko Haram Insurgency in the state.
1.6 Scope of
the Study
The study
covers the effects of Boko Haram Insurgency in Boron state to the educational
Development in the state, among the schools was a coverage of 27 selected
schools randomly selected. Also the study examines the relationship between the
two variables Boko haram Insurgency and Educational Development.
1.7
Significance of the Study
There are
numerous reasons why this research is useful, the research work would be of
great importance to students and lectures in practice of how to carry out
further research in the same area. It will help the government to solve some
likely problems that might encounter in terms of development in Nigeria. Also,
the research will act as a guide to the government in their quest to quell the
problems associated with security, ethnic crisis and political or religious
crisis in Nigeria.
1.8
Limitation of Study
During the
course of performing/researching this project work, the researcher encountered
a lot of challenges as well as opposition which ranges from financial
constraints, time factor. This factors in their own ways, slowed down the
speedy progress of this work that resulted to the researcher not being able to
finish the research work on time as is required
Also, within
the area of study the researcher was faced with some other forms of constrains
that contributed to the limitation of this researcher work, like accessibility
to data, information and facts concerning the present study due to some reasons
or the other, some not willing to give out information that it is to be within
the workers.
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