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CORRUPTION
AND ITS EFFECT IN THE NIGERIA STANDARD OF EDUCATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
One of the
greatest threats to Education, social, economic, and political development of
any nation is corruption. Therefore, the challenges of corruption remain a
major devastating issue facing Nigeria since the colonial period, although,
this phenomena has become a cankerworm that has eaten deep into the fabrics of
our system. The United Nations Global Programme against Corruption (GPAC)
defines it as “abuse of power for private gain”. The Transparency International
has chosen a clear and focused definition of the term as “the abuse of
entrusted power for private gain”. It can also be defined as a pervasion or
change from the general accepted rules or laws for selfish gain (Farida, 2010).
The World
Bank however defines corruption as: The abuse of office for private gains.
Public office is abused for private gain when an official accepts, solicits or
extorts a bribe. It is also abused when private agents actively offer bribes to
circumvent public offices and processes for competitive advantages or profit.
In view of the above, Agbu (2003:3) observed that public office can be abused
for personal benefit even if no bribery occurs, through patronage and nepotism,
the theft of state European Scientific Journal February 2013 edition vol.9,
assets, or the diversion of state resources. Given this development therefore,
corruption connotes any behavior that deviates from an established norm with
regards to public trust. It also means theft of public trust whether the person
concerned is elected, selected, nominated or appointed and it does not matter
whether the person affected holds office or not since anybody can be corrupt.
The problem
of education emerged from the neglect which the sector suffered from the 1980s
leading to the gradual erosion of the system. Inadequacy of funding, lack of
teaching tools and modern classrooms, poor numerations and the acute shortage
of qualified teachers, have all contributed to the fall in the standard of
education in Nigeria. Westernized Nigerian society which is a high source or
way of distribution to students instead of studying, students (pupils) spend
their time watching television, playing video games, listening to music
channels (Channel O) and the present calamity face book, hi5, on line media
etc. which prevent them from reading that’s necessary for knowledge
acquisition. Lack of dedication and punctuality to duty by the teachers has contributed
to the fall in the standard of education. The teachers show divided loyalty to
the teaching job; most teachers pay lip-service to their job, spending more
time and energy in other businesses and less time in the classroom. Parents
also share in the blame; most of them simply do not care about their children’s
education. They put all their attention towards money-making, leaving the
children’s guidance and motivation to the house maids and drivers, as a result,
the children’s projects, home work will not be done, neither will they be
reminded to study at home. Some children derail and drop out. Government is
largely responsible for the falling standard of education; they change policies
concerning education so frequently, leaving both teachers and students
confused. They also do not equip classroom and laboratories appropriately to
make for effective learning.
Corrupt
officers who misuse institutions’ money/funds go unpunished. Exam malpractice
which is one of the major causes of falling standard of education has not been
tackled by the government. Look at the TSS issue, frequent strikes and the
present universities’ school fees increase. To gauge the seriousness of a
society, especially its seriousness about attaining national development goals,
we need to appraise the nation’s educational system. Can we harvest the
critical/creative minds necessary to manage the democratic process if we do not
invest in human capital development? Or compete in the globalized world of the
twenty fifth century; if a nation does not face its education development
seriously, then there is a lot that is wrong with such society. To revive the
educational sector in order to help in building the individuals to be able to
assist the process of developing the society, government should make sure our
schools are equipped with functional libraries and laboratories, with
classrooms having modern instructional technologies; computers connected to the
internet, projectors audio-visual and video conferencing equipment etc.
Teachers
cannot perform miracles without the necessary teaching aids (tools). Primary
and secondary schools, which are the foundation of education should be properly
built, funded and adequately staffed. It is also the duty of the healthy
learning environment which also aids the teaching and learning interaction.
That is why the United Nations benchmark is that countries must put 26% of
their budgets into education. If the government provides or educates its
citizens through functional education then the people will take their right
places in the social, political, economic and even religious life endeavors so
we can reach great heights and be among the first twenty countries by 2020.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The problem
of education emerged from the neglect which the sector suffered from the 1980s
leading to the gradual erosion of the system. Inadequacy of funding, lack of
teaching tools and modern classrooms, poor numerations and the acute shortage
of qualified teachers, have all contributed to the fall in the standard of
education in Nigeria. One of the greatest threats to Education, social,
economic, and political development of any nation is corruption. Therefore, the
challenges of corruption remain a major devastating issue facing Nigeria since
the colonial period, although, this phenomena has become a cankerworm that has
eaten deep into the fabrics of our system.
The United
Nations Global Programme against Corruption (GPAC) defines it as “abuse of
power for private gain”. The Transparency International has chosen a clear and
focused definition of the term as “the abuse of entrusted power for private
gain”. It can also be defined as a pervasion or change from the general
accepted rules or laws for selfish gain (Farida, 2010).Therefore it is
disheartening to note the many funds which were budgeted and allocated for the
development of the Educational sector have been diverted for selfish personal
gains. The problem confronting this research therefore is to appraise how
corruption has contributed to the fall of the standard of education of in
Nigeria.
1.3 Objective of the Study
1. To determine the nature of
corruption in Nigeria.
2. To determine the nature of the
falling standard of education in Nigeria.
3. To determine the effect of
corruption on the falling standard of Education in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the nature of the falling
standard of education in Nigeria?
2. What is the nature of corruption in
Nigeria?
3. What is the effect of corruption on the
falling standard of Education in Nigeria?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study
shall proffer a detail appraisal of the nature of corruption in Nigeria. The
study shall appraise the falling standard of Education in Nigeria and seek to
determine the effect of corruption on the falling standard of Education in
Nigeria. The study shall provide significant information for experts in the
Educational sector.
1.6 Statement of Hypothesis
1. Ho: The Educational Standard in Nigeria is
low.
Hi:
The Educational Standard in Nigeria is high.
2. Ho: The level of corruption in Nigeria is
low.
Hi:
The level of corruption in Nigeria is high
3. Ho: The effect of corruption on the Educational standard in Nigeria is low
Hi: The effect of corruption on the
Educational standard in Nigeria is high
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is
focused on the appraisal of how corruption has contributed to the fall of the
standard of Education in Nigeria.
1.8 Definition of Terms
EDUCATION
DEFINED
Osindeinde
(1999) stated that education is an organized and sustained communication
designed to bring about learning which involves the acquisition of basic and
necessary skills, knowledge and competence by the learner to change his/her
attitude positively towards contributing to the national economic development.
STANDARD OF
EDUCATION DEFINED
Teachers
without Boarders (2006) reported that the standard of education is how the
products of schools can be measured in terms of outcome. That is, a measure of
how school leavers contribute to the society in terms of cognitive, affective
and psychomotor. This is in terms of skills, knowledge and right attitude
acquired by graduates the country produces. When the standard is low,
half-baked graduates are produced. These graduates go into the market with less
than knowledge and less skills and often with dubious attitudes
CORRUPTION
DEFINED
The World
Bank however defines corruption as: The abuse of office for private gains.
Public office is abused for private gain when an official accepts, solicits or
extorts a bribe. It is also abused when private agents actively offer bribes to
circumvent public offices and processes for competitive advantages or profit.
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