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DETERMINANTS
OF CAREER CHOICE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
This study
investigated the determinants of career choice among secondary school students
in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. Data were collected by
means of a structured questionnaire from 120 respondents randomly selected from
six (6) public secondary schools in Oshimili South Local Government Area of
Delta State, comprising Asaba, Okwe, and Oko.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The
importance of education to the development of human society cannot be
overemphasized. Joseph Addison, writing as far back as 1711, notes “what
sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul”. This is in
consonance with the many years long statement of Epictetus (100 CE) that “only
the educated are free” (Awake! December 22, 2000). Flowing from the above, the
whole of human progress is now being hinged on the ever-growing influence of
good education. Today, good education is seen as a basic need of man. Rather
than viewing it as an unachievable luxury, many perceive it as a right of both children
and adults. Studies have shown that quality education encourages individual
participation, expands peoples’ knowledge of the world around them, and
provides them with values that can transform their lives. According to Kornblum
(1994), education “is the process by which a society transmits knowledge,
values, norms and ideologies and in so doing prepares the young people for
adult roles; in other words, it transmits the society’s culture to the next
generation”. He opined that education is a form of socialization that is
carried out by institutions outside the family such as schools, colleges,
pre-schools and adult education centres. Each of these, as Korublum rightly
noted, is an educational institution which encompasses a set of statuses and
roles designed to carry out specific education functions. In most modern
societies, education is provided as a social service for the general population
for the purpose of educating and providing enlightenment for the people.
Through education, skills are acquired and this enables a country to develop.
More than ever before, education is gaining more prominence in the affairs of Nigerians. It is seen as a way
of answering many questions and solving a myriad of problems. More funds are
being committed to education both by the government and private citizens. As a
result, there is a greater demand for probity and accountability. Enlightened
parents are now insisting on the maintenance of standards and assurance of
adequate measures of quality control to guarantee reliability in the
educational system. This reliability can be enhanced through guidance and
counseling towards a career choice which the child is good at.
Choice of
career could be defined as selecting carefully between alternatives. Choice of
career is an occupational decision making. Choice of career is very important
in the life of any human being, especially among the secondary school leavers.
This is because; career choice is geared towards specialization in the Sciences
or Arts. Career can be referred to as the number of occupations, jobs and
positions occupied throughout a person’s working life in a specific area
developed over a period of time with the aim of reaching its apex after making
invaluable contributions to the development of that choosing area at various
levels posts or positions. Career development is not static, but changes.
Career decision determines to a very large extent the entire life style of the
an individual, including: social status, value system, income, leisure time
activities, choice of friends, mental or physical health, etcetera. It
determines how satisfied or frustrated an individual will be in life. A career
is more than a job. lt is a way of life especially when we consider an
individual’s personal characteristics such as desires, interest, needs, goals,
abilities, etc, and the social and physical condition of society. A person who
merely moves from one job to another simply because of increasing salaries or
fat pay packets has no career. On the other hand, a person who begins his life
as a Nurse in the Hospital and finally becomes a Medical Doctor has a career.
Therefore, an individual makes a career decision when he decides to enter into
one type of work such as: Medicine, Engineering, etc, and progresses through
it. Careers produce professionals or experts. They do not make room for a Jack
of all trades, but master of none. Without Education there can be no careers.
Through Education, learners are exposed to subjects in the Sciences and Arts.
These subjects are combined to make careers. Careers are achieved through
subject areas taught in schools. Mathematics and English Language are needed in
almost every career. They are very important, and should not be feared, but be
embraced naturally. Most subjects are interwoven, and this makes learning
flexible and enjoyable. A wide range of occupation is open to every
person. The problem of choosing a career
is mostly experienced in developing countries of the world. In developed
countries, the child is free to pursue any course of his/her choice. The world
choice and career are linked together because one cannot pursue a career
without choosing a particular set of subjects in the senior secondary school
leading to a career.
A career is
said to cover the sequence of positions, jobs or occupations in the life of an
individual, that is his /her working life. It is the total pattern of jobs held
during a workers lifetime. It can also be defined as the process of dynamic
change, which embraces both the pre-occupational and post retirement years of
the individual’s life in service.
The layman could use the word career and occupation to mean the same
thing. Occupation could be the individual’s main source of earning a leaving
that is what he is engaged in at a particular time e.g. teaching, farming etc.
One does not just engage himself in any activity or occupation in the name of
attaining a goal, rather one has to choose certain subjects leading to pursuit
of a career in which he/she is good at. Thus in choosing a career, one should
take to that which he feels he is good
at, for his/her own benefit and that of the society at large.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been
observed that most secondary school students are faced with the problem of
choosing a career. This is due to mainly the lack of guidance and counseling
services in the schools. They make choice on their own depending on the subject
that is being offered and taught in school.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose
of this study is to investigate, identify and examine the determinants of
career choice among secondary school students in Oshimili local government area
of Delta state.
At the end
of this study, the researcher would be able to determined the extent of the
problems and proffer suggestions that
will help the students in making valuable and meaningful choice of career
rather than making a wrong choice determined outside their interest, capability
and talent.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study
will facilitate the act of making choice among many opportunities available,
since it is aimed at looking at the problems the secondary school students face
in making their choice of career. The result of this study will give an
educationist an insight into the problem and also help counselors in guiding
students to make a more realistic occupational choice, limiting frustrations
and withdrawals.
The findings
of this study will further assist the students in making the rightful choice of
career and also help those students to lay good foundations for themselves in
their field of interest, ability and talent that will invariably develop the
child physically, intellectually and emotionally to become useful to
him/herself and the society at large.
Lastly, the
findings of this study will serve as reference material for students of
education, the reading public and those who wish to conduct further research in
this area.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In an
attempt to find the solution to the problem above, the following research
questions were postulated for study.
(1) Do the students’ aptitude, ability and
interest determine their choice of career?
(2) Can peers and associates influence
students’ choice of career?
(3) Does Guidance and counseling in schools
determine students’ choice of career?
(4) Can the subjects studied in schools
determine the students’ choice of career?
1.6 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
1. Occupational choice: This refers to
psychological preference or desires the individual has regarding work status.
It is the continuing process of occupational selection resulting in the
eventual attainment of the occupational status.
2. Adolescent: Those between the ages of
12-18years of age.
3. Peer group: This refers to age group
of students. It means the association of, or the social relationship between
people who fall within the same age range.
4. Career: This means the choice of
occupation.
5. Occupational Aspiration: This refers
to aspiration for a high or low prestige level of job.
6. Talent: Any natural or special gift,
aptitude eminent ability short of genius.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study
was designed to examine the determinants of careers choice among secondary
school students in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State with
special focus on public secondary schools. It was not possible to use all the
public secondary schools in Oshimili South Local Government Area of the State,
therefore six were selected for this study. Twenty students which will be
randomly selected from each of the six schools are expected to be used for the
research.
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