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EFFECT OF
BIRTH ORDER ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE ADOLESCENTS, IN SECONDARY
SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This
research examined the “The Effect of Birth Order on the Academic Performance of
the Adolescents in Secondary Schools”.
A total of
five Secondary School in Ajeromi Local Government Area of Lagos State were used
as sample of the study. A further sample was made up of two hundred (200)
students randomly selected from the five secondary schools.
Four
research hypotheses focusing on the relationship between birth-order and
adolescent students academic performance, family size and adolescent students
academic performance socio-economic status of a student’s family and his
academic performance and significant difference between academic performance of
the first child, middle child and the last born.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Birth order
is significant in child rearing, Consequently, the family is first in the life
of the child in several ways. As Cooley puts it "the family is the cradle
of personality". It is primary in point of time in the processing or
induction of the child into society and culture.
The new
individual's basic drives and needs can reach fruition only with the setting
provided by these people who surround him. His interpersonal relationships will
be reflected not in terms of any cultural determinant alone but in terms of the
various individual differentials represented by family members. Therefore it is
pertinent to note that intellectual development in school subjects has to be
viewed closely, putting into consideration the family unit as being the key
ingredients in the formation of eventual IQ growth, along with environment
variables of a student's family.
A child's
personality or socialization trend may depend on his sibling position or birth
order. The impact of ordinal birth position upon the child and sibling
relationship has received considerable exploration nation wide, certain
generalizations may now be made if we remember that all of their birth
positions are incident to the social and emotional climate of the home. And
this depends largely on the types of homes, like the nuclear family, which can
be looked at as a democratic home with amount of minimum frustration, And the
extended family with its accompanying frustration. Again of these types of
families, the socio-economic status also counts in determining its correlation
to personality development of the individual student in general and their
academic performance in particular.
In this
study these generalization will be grouped into the oldest child (as first born
child) whose position in the family structure is a unique one though various
studies and writers ascribe- different effects on the position.
The youngest
child or the last child in the family whose position is also a crucial position
depending on the economic condition of the family and accompanying cultural
advantages for him.
The study of
these age differences will go a long way in helping teachers, parents and the
society at large to carry out effective investigation of the effects of birth
order on academic performance of adolescent students
Birth order
as an integral part of a child formative and development stages is the much
that will be focused on as it affects the learning ability and assimilation
rate of the students in school.
Coupled with
this is the home and parental status and environmental factors militating
against students achievement in school generally will also be focused as an
area of study, being an essential and a strong determinant of measuring
students performance in school.
Birth order
or order of delivery of children in this case will be further viewed or
analyzed from the perspective of the first born child, the middle born child
and the last born child as earlier indicated.
Huni (1966),
supports the motion that the environment of the child has a great influence on
the acquisition of basic knowledge and skill.
Kernes (
1997), points out that for the child to grow intellectually and socially with
increased independence, to meet daily-life situation, the child must be
provided a conducsive environment which helps him develop adequate motor skills
and be motivated to learn.
The home is
the foundation of education, because it plays a central role in socializing the
child. The child spends his early years and learns his language at home.
The
importance of the family was stressed by Data (1984) that the environment of
the home remains a principal settings in which the child's initial experience
have an enduring impact on the physical, intellectual and personality
development of the child". According to Datta, the early social and
physical environment that the home provides for the child has an impact on his
later social and cognitive development.
Obanya
(1981) further asserted that the environment of the learner affects his
attitude to schooling as well as his performance in school.
Uche (1984)
claims that there is enough evidence from past research findings, that a
child's school performance is related to his background and the activities
which goes on in a child's home is related to the social status of his parents.
He also
believes that many lower class parents, fail to provide even the minimum level
of reinforcement and stimulation for their children intellectual development.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The specific
statement of the problem is to analyze the extent to which birth order of the
children or their positions in the family affects their performance in school
along with the socio economic status of the family.
Analysis of
the position of the children, that is; the first child, middle child and the last
born child in the family will be studied closely in order to determine their
academic performance in school.
In order to
ascertain the reasons for the different levels of performance of the students
with respect to their individual positions in the family, the study is
investigating the effects of birth order on adolescent students academic
performance.
Miner (1969)
has pointed out that the socio-economic status of the child was related to the
level of achievement attained.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of the study is aimed at stressing the indispensable effects of birth order on
adolescent students academic performance. Consequently, parents, teachers and
the society will be able to appreciate the various differences in the students
throughout their schooling periods. Thus, it is expected that through this
study the glaring effects of ‘Birth Order’ be enumerated enough for parents and
the society at large to make redress where necessary, and maintain an
appreciated standard of breeding children so as to attain a desired result of
intelligent, well-motivated children as products of good and sound education.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
significance of the study lies in the fact that, it would create a sort of
awareness about birth order in education achievement.
Obviously,
it would give an insight into the reasons why certain students perform
excellently in social studies, than the others. At the long run, the finding of
this study will help educationists, parents and teachers and the society at
large to realize the fact that students' academic performance is not based on
intelligence alone, neither is it base solely on the socio-economic back ground
of the students not on family size.
Thus, this
study may be useful to educational planners, administrators, educational policy
makers and other societal issues Planners. This will make them to be aware of
the fact that apart from Intelligent, Quotient(IQ), attitude of the child and
the parents' education and standard of the school the child attends, others
factors such as socio-economic status of the family, Birth order have impact on
the academic performance of students in the school.
To the
parents, this study will also be significant in child rearing. Parents tend to
discipline their first born more than their other children and give them more
attention.
Bringing out
the real picture of the contribution of the family to the academic performance
of the child, thus making the parents to bear a part of the blame that would
normally be on the child alone for his or her poor performance in school.
The school
principals will find the study invaluable in that it will help in understanding
the child better so as to know why he or she performs in a particular way.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
fundamental question which are considered in this study are -
1. Is there any significant relationship
between birth order and students educational development?
2. Is there any significant relationship
between family size and students academic performance?
3. Is there be any significant
relationship between socio-economic status and adolescent students academic
performance?
4. Is there any significant difference in
the academic performance of adolescent students of the first child, middle
child and the last child?
1.6 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
1. There is no significant relationship
between birth order (first, middle and last born child) and adolescent students
academic performance
2. There is no significant relationship
between family size and adolescent academic performance.
3. There is no significant relationship
between socio-economic status of a child
family and his academic performance.
4. There is no significant difference in
the academic performance of the first child, middle child and the last born.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study
take a look at the effect of Birth order on students performance and
educational development in Ajeromi Local Government Area, Lagos State.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research
experienced some forms of limitation in the process of the study. The
researcher experienced financial constraints which inhibited the number of
contacts that were made at the various destinations and the number of
questionnaires that were provided and administered.
There was
also general reluctance to give information and other factors like
accessibility to source of information due to the formal protocols required by
the Principals. Also insufficient availability of Secondary data poses a
constraint to the study.
The research
is also limited to Mainland Local
Government Area of Lagos State. Thus there is a limit to which the result of
the students could be generalized.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Nuclear
Family: A family which consists of a man, his wife and children. This is a
smaller family unit living a separate existence, in contact with relatives but
not inter-dependent on them.
Extended
Family: The extended family may be a nuclear family or a polygamous family, it
includes, aunts, uncles, cousins, grand parents, wives of sons and their
children as all members of the family.
Polygamous
Family: In a polygamous family a man is legally married to more than one wife.
Thus polygamous family is made up of a man, his wives and their children.
Socio-Economic
Status: This refers to the social and economic position an individual can find
himself or herself. It is regarded as the most significant predicting factor
responsible for the academic achievement of students depending on the family.
Environment:
This is the immediate physical surrounding of the child in the physical
environment. There exist forces such as temperature, humidity and pressure
which affect the individual and consequently, his learning.
Academic
Performance: It can be defined as the result or outcome of a student during the
course of study. It can also be said to be a phenomenon used to grade the
successful outcomes of students in particular.
Intelligence
Quotient(IQ) can be said to mean Judgment, good sense, the ability to
comprehend and to reason well and to adapt one self to circumstances.
Home
Environment: This is used to refer to the atmospheric nature of an environment
of which a family lives.
Family Size:
This include the total number of children and parents in an immediate family or
extended family.
Birth Order:
It is the order of child delivery, the position in which a child comes e.g.
first, second and third etc.
Educational
Development: this refers to how far a child is able to go academically and how
well he does in every aspect or area of his academics.
The major
tool used in gathering data in the study
was a set of questionnaire.
Person’s
Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient and Chi-Square analysis were used in
analyzing the data.
Findings
were made, conclusions drawn and recommendation made based on the findings of
the study.
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