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EFFECT OF
CHILD-ABUSE ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ADOLESCENTS
ABSTRACT
This work is
an investigation into the Effect of Child Abuse on Academic Performance and
Social Development of Adolescents in Lagos Metropolis. The study used ten
secondary schools in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State. The sample
of the study comprised Two Hundred (200) students, twenty (20) students were
selected from each school. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for
collecting data.
Four null
hypotheses were formulated to find out the relationship between Adolescents’
Academic Performance and Social Development parents/guardian attitude, the
difference between a child abuse trained by his/her parents and the child
trained by a guardian and fourthly, Government attitude and child abuse.
Percentage
statistics was used to test the hypotheses and analyse the data collected. The
following findings were made after the study:
a. There is a positive relationship
between child abuse and adolescents academic performance and social
development.
b. There is a positive relationship
between child abuse and parents/guardian attitude.
c. There is a difference between a
child trained by his/her parents and a child trained by a guardian.
d. There is a positive relationship
between child abuse and government attitude.
Finally, the
results were discussed based on the review of the related literature,
conclusions were drawn and recommendations made based on the findings of the
study.
Suggestions
were also made for further research.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Child abuse
is said to be intentional acts that results in physical or emotional harm to
children. The term child abuse covers a wide range of behaviour, from actual
physical assault key parents or other adult caretakers to neglect of a child's
basic needs Child abuse is also sometimes called child maltreatment (Gelles
1993).
Although the
extent of child abuse is difficult to measure, it if recognized as a major
social problem, especially in industrialized nations. It occurs in all income,
racial, religious and ethnic groups arid in Urban arid Rural communities It is,
however, more common in some groups especially those below the poverty line
Cultures
around the world have different standards in deciding what constitutes child
abuse. In Sweden, for example, the law prohibits any physical punishment of
children, including spanking By contrast, in some countries of Asia, Africa,
and the Caribbean, parents are expected to punish their children by hitting
then
There are
several different types of child abuse and some children experience more than
one form physical abuse for instance includes deliberate acts of violence that
injure or even kill a child unexplained bruises, broken bones, or burn marks on
a child may be signs of physical abase. Sexual abuse occurs when adults use
children for sexual gratification or expose them to sexual activities. Sexual
abuse may begin with kissing or fondling and progress to more intrusive sexual
acts, such as oral sex and vaginal or anal penetration. Emotional abuse
destroys a child's self esteem. Such abuse commonly includes repeated verbal,
abuse of a child in the form of shouting, threats and degrading or humiliating
criticism. Other types of emotional abuse are confinement such as shutting a
child in a dark closet and social isolation, such as denying a child friends.
The most
common form of child abuse is neglect. Physical neglect involves a parent's
failure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter pr medical care to a child.
It may also include inadequate supervision and a consistent failure to protect
a child from hazards or danger. Emotional neglect occurs when a parent car
caretaker fails to meet a child's basic needs for affection and comfort.
Examples of emotional neglect include behaving in a cold, distant, and unaffectionate
way towards a child, allowing a child to witness chronic or serve spousal
abuse, allowing a child to use alcohol or drugs and encouraging a child to
engage in delinquent behaviour. Another form of neglect involves failing to
meet a child's basic education needs, either by failing to enroll a child in
school frequently.
According to
the National center on child Abuse and Neglect, in 1977 about 3 million
children in the United States were reported as abused or neglected to
government agencies that investigate child abuse. Many researchers though,
believe that statistics based on official reports do not accurately reflect the
prevalence of child abuse. This may be due to the fact that definitions of
maltreatment vary from state to state and among agencies, making such
statistics unreliable; professionals who interact with children, such as:
teachers, day-care workers, pediatricians and police officers may fail to
recognize car report abuse; also acts of abuse usually occur in the privacy of
a family's home and often go unreported.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The risk of
child abuse within a family is raised by stress brought on by a variety of
social conditions. -These conditions, a larger-than-average family size, the
presence of a new baby or a disabled person in the home, and the death of a
family member. A large majority of reported cases of child abuse comes from
families living in poverty. Child abuse also occurs in middle class and wealthy
families, but it is better reported among the poor for several reasons.
Adolescent
period is a period of physiological, biological, and intellectual transition: A
period between the end of Childhood and the beginning of adulthood, it occurs
between the ages of 11 and 18 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) has
however defined adolescence as the period from 10-19 years of age. By the end
of adolescence, the child becomes physically, socially, emotionally and
intellectually mature. Adolescents everywhere experience a complex psychosexual
development involving the formulation of a sexual identity, management of
emerging sexual feelings and accommodation to cultural expectations.
As a child
develops, at every stage, certain things are required of him for personality
arid societal adjustment. Each stage car phase of human development has a
number of tasks that must he learned or accomplishes for the individual to
attain the level of maturity expected of him by his cultural group. The skill
habits, behaviour arid attitudes that must be learned for these purposes are
known as development task R J Havinghurst developed a widely accepted
list of developmental tasks for the different age levels. However, some
Adolescent developmental tasks are independence from the family; adjustment to
sexual maturation and development of good self-image, establishment of Healthy
Rolation!5hip, deciding and preparing for meaningful vocation
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLLM
A 1994
retrospective review of 1,526 studies on primary prevention of Child Abuse
found that only 30 studies were okay. 11 of which dealt with Physical Abuse;
and neglect. This means Primary prevention of child abuse such as depriving the
child of the basic children's rights such as right to life right to be
protected from indecent and inhuman treatment through sexual exploitation, drug
abuse, child labour among others affect the child's social development
Child Abuse
is observed to be more pronounced in children between the age bracket of 10 -
19 years which are of course referred to as Adolescents. By the end of
Adolescence, the child is expected to have been physically, socially,
emotionally and intellectually matured but when denied the necessary factors
which contribute to this expected maturity, his/her social development will be
definitely affected.
This study
is therefore designed to investigate the overall effect of child Abuse on the
academic and social development of Adolescents in some selected Secondary
Schools in Kosofe Local Government Educational District.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of this study is to examine the various effects which child abuse has on
Adolescents It is also on how Adolescents develop socially in spite of the
alarming rate of child abuse from both patents and caretakers Adolescents from
some selected secondary schools in Kosofe Local Government Education Districts
were also interviewed.
The aim is
also to enlighten Adolescents on how best they can cope with this
"delicate" stage of development called Adolescent and also probably
empower them as far as their social development is concerned.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The work
will in no doubt be of use to the Adolescent in the following ways:
1. They will be able to encourage themselves in
their peer groups to demand for adequate health care, good education and so on
from parents, care-takers / guardians, government.
2. They
will be able
to understand that
all children are members of the same human family
and that any form of discrimination is against their dignity and integrity.
3. They will be able to promote attitude of
equality among peers irrespective of origin both sex social political/religious
beliefs, status or disability.
As a way of
protecting themselves against exploitation and inhuman treatment, children
should be able to report excessive child labour to appropriate authorities,
agencies and individuals, resist torture, should not get lured into sexual
exploitation including child marriage, that should be able to avoid drug abuse,
they should be able to try as much as possible to join campaign enough to seek
assistance from established agencies, individuals and religious agencies when
in difficult.
It will also
help in situations whereby some children are under especially difficult
circumstances like separation from parents and so on to reduce the trauma of
their situation and even adjust to normal and decent life. It will also be
significant to parents and teachers for it will give an insight into some of
the evils of child abuse
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In relation
to the problem identified, answers were provided to the following questions:
1 Is there any influence of
parents/guardians on the social development of adolescents
2. Is there any effect of complex
combination of personal, social and cultural factors on the social development
of Adolescent.
3 Is there any significant difference
between a child trained by his/her parents and the same child trained by a
guardian.
4. Is there any significant relationship
between caring for - a child and his/her mental/psychological development.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Based on the
questions asked above, the following hypothesis were tested in the study.
1. There is no significant relationship
between child abuse neglect and adolescent academic and social development
2. There is no significant relationship
between child abuse and parents/guardian, attitude.
3. There is no significant difference
between a child trained by his/her parents and the child trained by a guardian.
4. There is no significant relationship
between child abuse and government attitude.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study
examined the causes and effects of child abuse among adolescent students in
some selected Secondary Schools in Kosofe Local Government Education District.
The study is
also limited to ten Secondary Schools due to finance, time factor and
inadequate literature.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Due to time
and financial constraints, the research is restricted to two hundred randomly
selected students from ten selected Secondary Schools in the Urban and Rural
Area of Kosofe Local Education District of Lagos State.
The research
work is also limited by the problem of inadequate materials/literature.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Terms
related to the study are defined His follows:
CHILD:
According to Ajayi (19136) A child is any human being below the age of (18)
eighteen years.
RIGHT:
According to Longman dictionary a right is what is or should be allowed by law,
it is also what is fair and good. Olayinka (1991) also defined a right as a
natural due, a moral claim and a legal entitlement.
CHILDREN'S
RIGHT: According to Encyclopedia (2005) children rights are child's survival,
Development and participation.
ADOLESCENT:
According to Motolani (2001) An Adolescent is a child between the ages of 10-19
years However the World Health Organization defines an Adolescent to be a child
between the age of 10-24 years.
CHILD ABUSE:
Encarta (2005) defines child abuse as an intentional act which harms the
physical, emotional, moral health and educational welfare of the child.
DEVELOPMENT:
Chinwe (2005) defines development as the progressive series of orderly, coherent
changes leading towards the goal of maturity, coherent changes leading towards
the goals of maturity. It is increase in ability to function. As a child grows,
he matures and develops at the same time.
GROWTH:
According to Chinwe (2005) is the physical aspect of development.
SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT: According to Chinwe (2005). The manner in which the Child becomes
grad rally adjusted in his patterns of relationship with and reaction to fellow
men in line with social patterns led social development Every social group has
its own pattern behaviour to which everybody must conform.
PHYSICAL
ABUSE: Physical abuse is the deliberate acts of violence to injure or even kill
a child (Gelles 1993).
SEXUAL
ABUSE: According to Chalk, Gibbons and Scarupa (2002). Sexual abuse can be said
to be the inappropriate sexual behaviour towards a child.
EMOTIONAL
ABUSE: Are the acts or the failure to act by parents or caretakers that have
caused serious behavioural, cognitive, emotional, or mental disorders
(Thomlison, 1997).
PHYSCIAL
NEGLECT: This is a situation whereby parents / guardians / caretakers of a
child do not provide adequate, food or clothing, appropriate medical care,
supervision or proper weather protection (heat or coats) for the child It also
includes abandonment. (Chalk, Gibbons and Scarupa 2002).
PERSONALITY:
Personality means the whole individual, his physique, temperament, appearance,
feeling, achievement, intelligence, the way the person relates himself to
others, what he wants to be and so on. (Chinwe 2005).
DELINQUENT
BEHAVIOURS: These are all sorts of behaviours committed by children or youths
under the age of 18 which if committed by adults would be considered crimes.
Children within this age bracket are believed not to have criminal intent to
have committed these offences. These behaviours by children are otherwise
referred to as juvenile crimes. Such behaviours may include truancy and
parental disobedience (Lynn and Victor 2005).
A Child of
any age, sex, race, religion acid socio economic background can fall victim to
child abuse and neglect (Thomlison 1997).
Literature
will be reviewed under the following sub-headings:
- Who is a child
- Concept of child abuse
- Causes of child abuse
- Effects of child abuse on the victim
- Effects of child abuse cart the
Nation/Society
- Strategies to t=rain child abuse
1.10 WHO IS A CHILD
A child is
any human being below the aye of 18 years (Ajayi 1986) In order to actually
study children of different age group we have to look into what we consider
Child Development. Development as earlier stated is the progressive series of
orderly coherent changes leading towards the goal of maturity. It is increase
in ability to function. As a child grows, he matures and develops at the same
time (Chinwe 2005).
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