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SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS AS A PREDICTOR OF STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The study
investigates the influence of parents' socio-economic status on academic
performance of students.
Two hundred
school going adolescents comprised the sample for the study. A random sampling
technique was used in selecting 200 subjects used for this Study from ten
secondary schools in Ifako-Ijaiye Local Education District (L.E.D) of Lagos
State.
A
researcher-conducted questionnaire was used for the study. There was no
conscious manipulation of the variable since the interaction among them has
been completed. T-test of independent sample was used to verify the difference
between parental socio-economic status; income, occupation, educational
attainment, and academic achievement of the school children.
From the
analysis of the data and the interpretation of' the results given, the
following findings resulted:
i. There is a significant
difference between children of white-collar and blue-collar parents relative to
their academic achievement in schools.
ii. There is a significant
difference between children of literate and illiterate parents relative to
their academic achievement in school.
iii. There is a significant
difference between children of prestigious and low occupation parents relative
to their academic performance in schools.
Therefore,
some recommendations were made.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Education
has been described in numerous ways. One of these is that, it is a process for
the development of the totality of individual intellectually, physically,
socially, morally, spiritually and psychologically to enable him live an
effective and meaningful life and to be able to contribute towards the
development of the society in which he finds himself. That great hope existed
and still exists for utilizing education as a major lever to life from backward
social order to more satisfactory level is evident from the statements and
politics of governments throughout the world.
However,
education has been seen nationally and internationally as the key to progress
and development. This is simply demonstrated by the yawning gap which separates
the developed world from the so called `developing' nations. That gap according
to Jakande (1987) will never be closed, and the poorer nations will remain
permanently subservient and subordinate unless they embrace education. Thus,
education will open the door of prosperity, human development and national
greatness.
Consequently,
greater emphasis now appears to be placed on educational development because of
the realisation that education, especially in science and technology, is the
most powerful instrument for social transformation and economic development. It
is a universally accepted principle that the attempt to create a new social
order based on freedom, equality and justice can succeed only if traditional
education is revolutionized in content and context.
One of the
most revolutionary and dramatic indication of the place of education and its
relevance to national development may be found in a communication addressed to
the Soviet Leader, Lenin in 1919 by the Soviet economist, Strummin, on the eve
of the launching of the Soviet Union as cited by Ozurtunba (1987). he had
warned Lenin that the hydroelectric power grids, he was planning the huge industrial
enterprises about to be initiated, the steel drills, the machine - tool
factories and even the mechanized farms would all amount to colossal wastes
unless an equivalent investment in education was provided. The economist
arrived at this conclusion, because he saw that in his country there were
students which showed that primary education meant 19 percent increase in the
output and wages of a labourer; secondary education meant an increase of as
much as 239 percent and higher education or university education as much as 320
percent. Lenin took the advice and made a colossal investment in the education
of his people. The result was spectacular and one of its manifestations was the
Soviet industrial revolution of 1927.
Therefore,
it is the realization of the values and benefits of education that has led to
the development of the Nigerian National Policy on Education (1981 revised)
where it is entrenched that:
"...
not only is education the greatest force that can be used to bring about
redress in lacking areas of nation building, it is also the greatest investment
that the nation can make for the quick development of its economic, social,
technological and human resources."
This is why
Harbinson and Mayers (1964) stated that human resources development is a
process of increasing the knowledge, skills, attitudes and the capabilities of
all the people in the society. Economically, education is the accumulation of
human capital and its investment in the development of the economy.
Secondly, it
Influences human interactions and co-existence. Politically, education prepares
the people for informed franchising and suffrage. Thus, human resources
development which comes through education, opens the door to modern
socialization.
There has
been a new focus of the Nigerian educational system on functionality and
universalization. Emphasis skilled from education for a few elites to the
provision of basic education for all by the year 2000, concerning at least the
first nine years of schooling.
Thus, both
the federal and state governments have been making huge investments in
education by allocating as much as 30 percent of their annual budgets to
education. This is to ensure that education is provided quantitatively and
qualitatively as well as effectively and efficiently. More focus is also on the
curriculum and the quality of instruction.
However,
these huge investments in education would be justified by the level of
performance of the students in their academic pursuits. It therefore becomes
necessary to study, analyze and drawn some conclusions concerning the
predictors of academic performance of the students. There are many such
predictors but this project deals or focuses on the social economic status as a
predictor of students' academic performance in some selected secondary schools
in Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government Area in Lagos State.
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
An
understanding of the various factors affecting the performance of the child in
classroom with a view to maximizing such performance has been of great concern
to educators and psychologists over the years.
Also, the
plight of the "culturally deprived" child in our schools, causes much
concern for educators, but despite the concern, there are few practical insights
into the causes of the problems much of what we know is based upon studies
which show that children from the lower classes do not do as well as their
middle and upper class pears.
Margaret
(1997) quoting lpaye stated that Socio-Economic Status (SES) of parents has
been found to relate in a highly positive and negative way to their children's
performance in the school.
The present
educators, diplomats, teachers, psychologists, policy makers decried the rise
in falling standard of education especially in this country. The general
consensus of the above mentioned people on the reason for the fall in education
were as a result of the socio-economic background of the parents. They stressed
that some parents, to a large extent, have little concern about the progress
and performance of their children in the schools.
Some parents
do not care about their responsibility, and this may lead to low moral and
truancy and this may have a great effect on students' academic performance
leading to the present economic situation in the country. Many poor parents are
forced by circumstances to saddle the young ones with chores like hawking
wares, cleaning the house and doing other menial jobs which take much of their
time and deprive them of enough time to their studies.
It is the
belief of some parents especially the illiterates among them, that students
often waste time on watching the television and videos. They (parents) are
ignorant of the fact that radio and television programmes help immensely in
providing vital information and materials that can make students keep abreast
of events around and gain some academic exposures and consequently, help to
improve their academic performance in
schools.
Another
factor is that if the child is deprived of good nutrition; he may suffer ill
health and even find it difficult to make satisfactory adjustments at schools.
Family size
is another serious factor. According to Anastasi (2001), the family size can affect
the academic performance of the child. She opined that a large family at least
in certain socio-economic situation would reduce the per capita funds available
for education, recreation, proper food, medical attention, etc. This means that
any reduction in or non-availability of the item mentioned above will normally
affect the performance of the child in school. Ogunlade and Fajuyitan (1994)
said that academic aspiration of the school child is positively related to the
socio-economic of their parents career work, which is the target of most
parents as a means of livelihood, created more harm to the development of their
children. This assertion is based on the fact that career employees use most of
their time in their work place. The aftermath of this trend is that children
are left at the mercy of the housemaids and schoolteachers to nurture. This
ugly trend deprives children from learning the norms, customs of the society.
Inability of the parents to instill discipline on the wards as a result of the work
that occupied their time and this prevents them (parents) from monitoring their
academic performance. Hence; involvement in career work is a bane to students'
academic performance.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There has
been an outcry of the fallen standard of education in Nigeria. This is because
of the poor academic performance of students in schools. The researcher
believes that the reason for this disparity of few students performing well
while a good number of them perform poorly, is as a result of socio-economic
background of parents.
With the
increased emphasis on academic Performance in Nigeria, a lot of schools have
been established and this has created pressure in educational system in
Nigeria. There is a charming increasing in facilities such as textbooks,
journals, magazines, radio sets, television and video sets. Yet the home
background of these students, as well as the school background are to say the
least are very poor. With this type of situation, the country can hardly
produce citizens who can put the nation in the forefront of technological
advancement.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Socio-economic
status as a predictor of academic performance of the students among other
factors cannot be over emphasized.
Therefore,
thus study intends to answer the following research questions:
1. What are the socio-economic factors which
are predictors of students' academic performance in secondary schools in
Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government Area?
2. What are the effects of each factor on
students' performance?
3. What is the degree of relationship
between income of parents and academic performance of students?
4. Is there any significant effect of the
parents' occupation on students' performance?
5. Is there any significant effect of the
parents' education on students' performance?
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of this study is to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic
background or factors and students' academic performance in secondary schools
in Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
Also, it is
necessary to find out the different socio-economic factors that are responsible
for their academic Performance.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
It is hoped,
that the finding of the study would help in identifying the socioeconomic
factors affecting students' academic performance.
It will
enable teachers to know the roles, being played by the family or parents in
encouraging the students to perform better in academic work. It will also help
the teachers to know the necessary help to render to these children who are
less cared for by their parents.
It will help
the parents to know when, where and how to assist their children/wards in order
to improve their academic performance in schools.
It will help
the government, which serves as central authority to know its responsibility
with reference to the educational Performance of these students. This may be in
terms of bursary awards and procuring of adequate facilities.
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The
following hypotheses will be tested in this study:
Hypothesis
One
There is no
significant difference between children of white collar and blue-collar
parents relative to their academic Performance in schools.
Hypothesis
Two
There is no
significant difference between children of literate and illiterate parents
relative to their academic Performance in schools.
Hypothesis
Three
There is no
significant difference between children of prestigious and low occupation
parents relative to their academic Performance in schools.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is
intended to examine the relationship between socio-economic status and
students' academic performance in some selected secondary schools in
Ifako-Ijaiye Local Government Area of Lagos State.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study
is likely to experience constraints like financial constraints, no easy
accessibility to information or data from schools, late collection of data like
questionnaire. Other constraints include time factor and attitude of the
respondents.
1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
· Socio-Economic Status: This refers to
social and economic class, level or power of the parents of the students, which
may be high or low. It also refers to the parents' social and economic ranking
by the members of the community whether superior or interior position.
· Academic Performance: It connotes the
marks which individual student obtains in class tests or examination based on
his or her learning ability in schools.
· Status: This refers to indices such as
occupation, income, education, etc. of the parents.
· Socio-economic Background: This is the
environment indicative of the financial status of the home from which
individual student comes.
· Occupation: It refers to as a group of
similar jobs found in several establishments. That is any job, business,
profession or work done to earn a living.
· Academic Performance: It is the average
scores of students in examination in all the subjects taken by the students.
· Academic Performance: It refers to
knowledge or skills developed in the school subjects, usually designated by
test scores or by marks assigned by teachers or both.
· Parental Education: It refers to the
educational attainment and qualification a parent acquired over times.
· Career: It is defined as a sequence of
positions, jobs, or occupations that one person (including parents) engages in
during his working life.
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