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THE CAUSES
AND EFFECTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
This
research is aimed at assessing the causes and effects of drug abuse on the
performance of secondary school students in Ikeja Local Government Area with
the purpose of indentifying the following :
i. The abuse of drugs among students
ii. The causes of drugs abuse
among students
iii. The effects of drug abuse among
students
iv. The roles of government on drug
abuse
The
researcher used the students in the six selected secondary schools in Ikeja
Local Government Area.
The
instrument used in the study was a set of questionnaire made of 15 multiple
choice questions which aided responded to identify the problems. The questions
were administered on face to face basis.
The data
collected was tabulated and analyzed using simple percentage instrument.
The findings
were discussed based on the purpose of the study in relation to literature
reviewed.
The analysis
indicated that there is wide abuse of drugs among students whereas the possible
causes are as a result of friend’s influences, parent’s negligence etc.
Unknowingly,
drug abused has led in students the act of forgetfulness as well as poor
academic performance.
As a result
of the foregoing problems, the school, government and the parents should keep
watch on their wards and organize programme which will educate them on how to
appreciate their body and desist from drugs.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
In every
human society, whether primitive or civilized, the use of drugs takes place.
This is a general belief among members of the human society that the intake of
certain drugs is capable of assisting man in various ways such as in the reduction
of tension, prevention, cure, management of diseases and ailments, alleviation
of suffering and pains in the affected part of the body. In fact, the use of
drugs has always been part of man’s civilization. For example, the Grecian
oracle – Delphi- made use of drugs, Homer‘s cup of Helen was used to induce
sleep and provide freedom from curse, and the mandrake root supplied
hallucinogenic belldona compounds (
Akinlaye F. A. 2000)
In the
African region before the introduction of orthodox medicine, there existed and
are still existing the herbalists – the medicine men and women in the
environment, who used roots and herbs in the treatment of people having various
diseases. (Akinlaye F.A .2000) Many of the drugs can bring about dependence and
addiction or habituation or even tolerance as a side effect. Dependence in this
case is a state of psychic or also sometimes physical result from the
interactions between living organism and a drug characterized by behavioural
and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug on
continuous or periodic basis in order to experience psychic effects and
sometimes to avoid its absence. The combination of drug dependence and drug
trafficking is not very common. The term
Drug is defined as anything that is taken that induced one’s state of
consciousness Dusek (1989). The association of Nigeria (1989/90) defined Drug
“as anything taken into the blood stream through any means for psychological
and physical experience and these drugs affect the central nervous system” Drug
can still be viewed as any substance other than food that can by its nature
affect human functioning . Oladele M.O.A (2010). He went further to say drug
can be used in diagnosis, treatment of diseases or prevention. Saranson (1976)
shared the same opinion that drug is
any substance other than food which by its chemical nature affect the
structure or function of the living organism. From the various definitions
‘Drug’ in the simplest and commonest sense is any material or substances that
is used to treat and prevent illnesses and promote good health . Drugs are
substances natural or synthetic that affects
the body. Some drugs are
extracted from plants, others are extracted from animal tissues and some others
are from minerals. For example, Morphine, a powerful painkiller is derived from
poppy seed pod while antibiotics including penicillin are produced in culture
of bacteria, yeast, molds and other living micro-organisms. Today advances in
science and technology and drug development have led to the production and
consequently the availability of more drugs in the society. A problem created
by this increase in the availability of these drugs is the lacks of full
understanding of the usefulness or harmful effects. Drugs can be classified into
three .They are
1. The Legal Drugs
2. The Illegal Drugs
3. The socially acceptable Drugs
The Legal
Drugs: These are drugs that have been approved by the society for sale either
prescription only or over the counters such as paracetamol, antibiotics and
multivite.
The Illegal
Drugs: These are drugs whose manufacture and distribution are prohibited by
law. They includes hard drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and Heroine
The socially
acceptable drugs: These are drugs generally not regarded as drug by layman but
they do have effect on the functioning of the body system of those who take
them and are therefore drugs. The socially acceptable drugs include cigarette
alcohol, cigar, tea and coffee, snuffs and tobacco chewing or smoking.
Most drugs
especially those classified as legal ones have specific dosages prescribed by
qualified medical doctors for various ailments. Despite the prescribed dosages,
it has been observed that some people fail to keep to the administered drugs
without any doctor’s prescription either because they have used the particular
drugs before (then it was prescribed) and they got positive results or because
they got information from friends and relatives about its effectiveness in
curing their illnesses
In Drug
Abuse the word “Abuse” is a word that defined or explained in a phrase “wrong
use of” or makes a bad use of’ Akinlaye
(2000), viewed it as any intake of drugs excess or without the
prescription of a qualified medical doctor or taking drugs to an extent that
can cause social or medical harm result in drug abuse .The World Health Organization
(WHO) (1982) explains that drug abuse is a persistent or sporadic excessive
drug used in consistently with or unrelated to acceptable medical practice.
Drug Abuse involves self administration of drugs in a manner that deviates from
the approved medical and social patterns within a given culture .Those who
abuse drugs in Nigeria can be classified into three groups. They are
1. Social group – These are young people who
belong to a gang or social group (like the area boys and some secondary school
students) who do not have enough money to buy drugs such as cigarette, alcohol
drinks and even hard drug and as a result they share the drugs amongst
themselves. Also, adults who only take
alcoholic drink e-g Guilder beer, star beer, etc. at social functions which can
be taken free of charge also belong to this group)
2. Experimental group-many young people take
drugs as a form of experiment to see if they can be relieved of their problems.
3. Courier group Members of this group trade
in hard drugs. They push and sell the drug by the get-rich- quickly syndrome,
that has pervaded Nigerian society in recent years. In addition to this, they
also take drugs. They involved in drug business because of the monetary reward.
Akinlaye (2000) in search of increased performance long distant drivers,
tailor, athletes, footballers, student artists are involved. The world is full
of competitiveness consequently many people get themselves involved in drug for
increased output. Quite a number of footballers in sport generally and artists
have been disqualified in international competition because of involvement in
drugs. The use of drug cut across many professions – lawyers, Engineers,
Doctors, Nurses and Pharmacists, as well as Children from rich background who
can afford it. The World Health Organization (WHO) (1982) identified about
eighty different drugs that are commonly abused to be
1. Cocaine
2. Alcohol
3. Tobacco
4. Marijuana
5. Heroin
6.
Hallucinogens
7. Sedatives
8.
Industrial solvents Akinlaye. (2000)
Much emphasis need to be placed about Alcohol
, it is a type of commonly used and legitimized drug whether brewed locally
from sugar cane , raffia palm or from
cereals in terms of Burukutu (Bkt) are highly intoxicating for example local
gin which is adorned with so many local names (Nwabuzo 2010). If the use of the
term drug is limited to only hard drug or dangerous /illegal drug, it means
that a substance like alcohol which cause addiction, dependence and tolerance
will not be there in the picture it will be realistically existent but without
being aware of its effects, such a mistake of unawareness will blindfold the
society and deprive her of part of her duty according to Tindall (2005).
Therefore, dependence Addiction and tolerance are side effect of Alcohol or
Drug Abuse.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Drug abuse
is seen as cankerworm that has eaten deep into the fiber of the Africans. It is
also discovered that
· Many take drugs without having the
knowledge of its usefulness and the harmful effects on their body.
· Student Academics performance is low.
· Possible solutions on the causes and
effect of drug abuse need urgent
attention
· The role of parents /guardians to their
children on drug abuse is relegated.
· The role of Government on Drug abuse is
no more felt in Nigerian society.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
This
research is to find out the effects of drug abuse on student academic
performance also the measures of government on drugs as well to create
awareness to the masses on the hazard of drug abuse on human body /health
1.4 Research Questions
· Is drug abuse common among students in
Lagos state?
· What are the possible causes of drug abuse
among the students?
· Has there been any victim of drug
abuse?
· What are the effects of drug abuse on
the students’ academic performance?
· What are the roles/ measures taken by
government s on drug abuse?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This
research work will serve as an exposition to students. As it will inform
students on the dangers or harmfulness of drugs on them.
· It will also discourage students from intake
of drugs
· It will proffer possible solutions for
the government on how to eradicate Drug Abuse as a problem.
· It will inform parents on their roles
towards their children against drugs usage.
In addition
to the above, it will enhance the teacher / instructors, curriculum planners,
Educationist/masses on possible ways to discourage drug abuse in the society.
1.6 The Scope of the Study
This study
will cover some selected schools at random from Ikeja Local Government Area of
Lagos State.
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