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THE
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY BACKGROUND VARIABLES ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF
STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
This study centres on the influence
of family background variables on the academic performance of students in
Nigeria with particular reference to Egebda Local Government Area of Oyo State.
The rationale is to re-orientate the citizen Egbeda on the influence of family
background variables on child’s life and his academic performance with the use
of stratified and balloting random sampling techniques, students were taken
from four (4) senior secondary schools in Egbeda Local Government, Ibadan.
Eighty (80) questionnaires were
self-administered and cumulative records of the respondents available of
students were check and matched. A research question was asked and answered
which was used to classify students into various socio-economic status.
Five hypotheses were also formulated
and tested. the major statistical techniques used were simple percentages and
t-test.
In a nutshell, evidences from the
analysis revealed that three out of the five hypothesis set up were accepted
while two were rejected. This result showed that there are other variables
apart from family background variables that influence academic performance in
our schools.
On the basis of the finding, the
following recommendations are hereby made that teacher should take cognizance
of the difference in the background of each students ability, interest and
other environmental factors in their teaching, uniformity in the distribution
of teachers by the government, awarding of scholarship emphasis on mastery
rather than paper qualification and others would help to enhance higher
academic performances rather than family background variable alone.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background to the Study
The pronounced poor academic
performance in Nigeria schools and students drop out as a result of which the
phenomenon of touts, thugs and other bandits has become a menace to our society
which evidently result into increased in the number of teenage conflicts, has
been the concern of educators, guidance, counselors, teachers, government as
well as parents.
The foregoing has given rise to this
study which is addressed to the relationship between family background
variables and academic performance of senior secondary school in Nigeria. A
case study of selected schools in Egbeda Local Government area of Oyo State.
Apart from variation in interest,
motives, values attitudes and behaviours that individual has towards success,
there are literarily thousands of dimensions that are sources of achievement
vis-à-vis environmental influences, level of education of the parents and other
factors that may stimulate one towards higher performance. Parents have been
found as influential to their child’s attitude, preference and performance in
the followings ways
1. Parent’s own attitudes
2. Expectations of child performance
3. Parental encouragement
Nature of relationship between
socio-economic status, type and size of the family, religion, occupation
genetics, position relation to other children in the family, peer influences
and ability showed a positive or negative influence on his academic
performance. It is necessary therefore for the researcher to find out those
variables that are found influencing academic performance of students
negatively, suggest and recommend some possible solutions.
Generally, Nigeria is socially
stratified society where majority of the people are economically weak and very
few are economically viable.
Student’s social economic background
in the present Nigeria can be broadly categorized into three namely:
- The lower social economic class
- The middle social economic class
- The upper social economic class
The Lower
Socio-Economic Class
These are
people whose incomes are insufficient to meet their needs. The civil servant
with grade level 01-07 falls within the class, the unskilled labourers and
petty traders inclusive.
The Middle
Social Economic Class
In this category are the civil
servants between grade 08-12 and small scale business owners.
The Upper
Social Economic Class
These are the people whose income are
sufficient, high and more than enough to cater for their needs. The upper and
the middle class have relatively the same characteristics, which the lower
socio-economic class is the most disadvantaged of them all. A lot of research
had been carried out to find out the various variables that influence
performance cross social groups but little had been done to find out the
influence of family background variables as they affect the performance of
students in schools. The research is therefore designed to find out family
background variables and how they affect students’ academic performance in
schools.
The influence of the family background
variables on the academic performance of the students in Nigeria secondary
schools cannot be over emphasized. This is because of family immense roles and
contributions towards the academic performance. The family background variable
can be seen as those factors that have effects on the academic performance of
the students. Since the family is a group of people related by blood and since
the human family has two aspects the biological and social aspects, it is pertinent
to say then that blood link heredity characteristics and common interest are
embedded in the family set up. The aforementioned family traits serve as
bedrock for family background variables that have influence on the overall
academic performance of students. In view of above mentioned reasons, it is
very necessary to highlight some of the importance of these family background
variables in relation to students’ academic performance in Nigeria Secondary
Schools. It has been noted that socio-economic status of the parents has direct
influence on the academic performance of a child. For instance, a child whose
school fees is being paid as at when due, provided with adequate and necessary
school materials like textbooks, proper uniform, school sandals, and other
writing materials, at appropriate time will be of academic advantages over
others. In addition to the above a child who is well fed and cared for by the
parents also has an advantage over his or her counterparts who is less
privilege. The definition of education has given by Castle (1975) stated that
education is what happens to one person from the day he is born to the day he
dies”. Based on the above definition therefore, education can be referred to as
totality of experience of man through out of his life time.
In this dimension, educational
attainment of the parent has a great influence on the academic performance of
the child. For example, a child whose parents are literate and enlightened will
be at an advantage than a child from illiterate parents. The reason being that
the child of the former will have easy assess to the collection of books
rendering academic assistance to the child when studying, encouragement,
instant correction of errors made by the child while interesting with the parents
and so on.
The influence of parents’ occupation
on academic performance of a child be over-emphasize.
For instance, economic crunch in the
country has made most of the parents unable to stay with their children at home
and consequently makes some parents not have to monitor the academic
performance of their wards.
In a situation where this is in
operation, the child of much parents are left to do whatever they like which
may eventually leads to hindrance to such child academic progress. Moreover,
the parents job are over-demanding to the extent that they could not supervise
or monitor their children’s academic performance are also found in this
category. Such jobs include: full time trading, contractors, farming, plotting,
shifting works, defense and security jobs etc.
In Nigeria society, almost fifty
percent (50%) of family are polygamous in nature according to Abdul Rasaq
(1988) the number of wife that a man has determines the number of child he is
expected to have in most cases. Consequently, this indicated the size of the
family. This in turn will have either negative (-) or positive (+) influence on
the academic performance of the entire children of such parents. Unhealthy
rivalry and envies might be generated within the family and subsequently lead
to negative (-) effect on the academic performance of such children. Beside the
roles played by the above mentioned variables on the academic performance of a
child, genetic variables also plays an immense role in the academic performance
of a child. For instance, Mendel (1856) in his work on genetic constitution of
an individual postulates that genes are responsible for the development of the
individual and that genes are independently transmitted from one generation to
another instant undergoing any alternation. In his law of heredity, states
that, it is the tendency of the offspring to passes characteristics similar to
either of or both of parents. It is because of heredity that individual related
by descent resemble one another within the family. In the light of the above
mentioned statement one could say that the academic performance of a child is
as a result of his or her inherited trait from his or her parents.
Therefore, from the various reasons presented
above, it is obvious that significance of the influence of the family
background variables on the academic performance of students in Nigeria calls
for a study.
In order to substantiate this fact,
the academic performance of the best five students in some selected secondary
school in the area of study at the 1999 June senior secondary certificate
examination are used.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The reasons for the poor performance
of students among senior secondary school in Nigeria can be attributed to some
variables. The influence of family background variables on the academic
performance of students of different sexes and socio-economic sub groups have
been sources of the problem.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main
objectives of this study are:
To find out
to what extent the level of parents income influence the academic performance
of a child
To find out
the difference in the academic performance of male children of upper
socio-economic status and the male children of lower socio-economic status.
To find out
the difference in the academic performance of female of upper socio-economic
status and the female children a lower socio-economic status.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Education is an important instrument
in the development and progress of any community, state or nation. Therefore,
the school as one of numerous agencies that socialize the individual has become
a dominant feature of modern society. Its impact is so far reaching that in
many countries educational policy is a matter of national concern and
frequently a pressing political issue. This study serves as a pointer to the
unequal educational opportunities and privileges in Nigeria which makes
education a privilege rather than a right which it should be. The study also
gives a clear picture of present situation in Nigeria, where there is a gulf
between the “have” and “have not” thus, Socio-economic background can determine
to a great extent of students success or failure. The study will serve as a
pointer to our curriculum developers that they will be able to give
consideration to students’ environmental variations in the process of
formulating syllabus and developing scheme of works. More so, the Guldian
Counsellors and social studies educators will borrow a leaf from the study that
students family background variable cause mental or physical retardation or
acceleration of progress in academic performance and physical growth of a child
and this will help them to discharge, their duty effectively and efficiently.
It will also serve as a precaution to the people of Egbeda and its environs and
the elite’s in particular on likely adverse effects of their present value
orientation and assets.
Psychologically, high performance
reinforce teacher’s confidence, this study point to the teachers the need for
them to understand and not to be put-off by slow learners and low achievers.
Equal educational opportunities is
good way to equal and even distribution of wealth which has a stronger effect
of bringing national stability, peace, progress and justice. It will further
reduce the level of crime and social evils committed in the society. Since many
are driven to them out of frustration, failure, and idleness.
The Nigeria educational system places
greater value on paper qualification rather than mastery, which means that
students from less privilege home who do not succeed as high as their counterparts
from middle or upper socio strata may have their life chances ruined since their academic
performance is patient to their upward mobility.
This study above all will show that
due to the gross inequality or unequal educational opportunity in Nigeria
society, there is low achievement, waste and stagnation of our human resources.
The progress and posterity of a country depends on her educational policy and
how it is being implemented which in-turn produced great educators and men of higher
intelligence. As a developing and progressing nation our progress and
development depend on the number of our educated citizens.
1.5 Research Hypothesis
There is no
significant difference in the academic performance of children of upper
socio-economic status and the children of lower socio-economical status
There is no
significant difference in the academic performance of male children of the
upper socio-economic status and the male children of lower socio-economic
status
There is no
significant difference in the academic performance of female children of upper
socio-economic status and the female children of lower socio-economic status.
There is no
significant difference in the academic performance of male and female children
of lower socio-economic status.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Influence:
This refers to power to affect character, beliefs or action by person that
exercise such power such as heredity and environment Variable: This refers to
changeable phenomenon varying or factors which may vary.
Factors:
This refers to underlying influence responsible for the part of variability of
a number of behavioral manifestations. A
factor therefore, determines part of the over-all variance of measured
characteristics.
Social
Stratification: This refers to a
patterned set of distinction in social rank which results from any society’s
unequal distribution of resources and awards.
Socio-
Economic Status: This refers to position
occupied by a person, family or group in a social system relative to others.
Variability: This refers to the scores spreading around
the central value. However, the spread of the scores reveals more about the
composition of the group.
Genetics:
This refers to the biological science that concerned with the study of heredity
and variation among offspring and their parents.
Inheritance:
This refers to the passing of some of the genes to the offspring by the
parents.
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