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AN
ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF NIGERIA’S AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background to the Study
The
economies of the developed nations has agriculture as the basis for growth and
development. Most developing countries have agriculture as their primary
(traditional) pursuit and it’s the gateway to sustained growth of the
economies. Nigeria is greatly endowed with potentials, resources and the
wherewithal to provide the basic needs of the citizens. Before discovering oil
in commercial quantities, the economic system of Nigeria was agro-based with
the sector accounting for about two third of the Gross domestic product (GDP)
and during pre independence, it had been the main stay of the nation.
According to
(Amaza and Udoh, 2000), “agriculture is the main stay of households in Nigeria
and is a significant sector in Nigeria’s economy. This explains that a strong
agricultural sector has a multiplier effect on any nation’s socio-economic and
industrial fabric due to its multi-dimensional nature. Until the 1970s the
sector provided the basic food of the population, was a major earner of foreign
exchange for Nigeria and supplied raw materials required by manufacturing
sector to provide adequate employment. The agriculture sector still remains the
principal supplier of raw materials for industries. Effort have been geared towards
accelerating economic development with the ultimate goal of transforming the
economy into an industrialized one, raising the welfare of the population with
agriculture acting as the catalyst for the realization of the goals. The
traditional role of agriculture in economic development provides the foundation
for this position (Obiechina, 2007).
Agriculture
also called farming include the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other
forms of food biofuel, fibre, drugs and other products, used to sustain and
enhance human life. In most developing countries, agriculture is the
springboard for economic development and a sustained growth of the modern
economy. It can be stated here that economic growth goes hand-in-hand with a
flourishing agricultural sector, as well a dwindling agricultural sector is the
principal factor for poor economic performance of developing countries
particularly Nigeria. Abayomi (1997) stated that rising agricultural
productivity has been the main concomitant of successful industrialization and
among the roles conventionally ascribed to agricultural sector constitutes the
major source of employment.
Agriculture
is a pertinent sector for reducing poverty and sustaining growth of developing
countries. In terms of contribution to Gross Domestic Product, the food and
agricultural sector dominates developing nations including Nigeria especially
among the rural dwellers. This contribution also includes employment and
income, its growth and development are necessary for the overall process of
socioeconomic development of Nigeria.
The
fundamental roles ascribed to agriculture for development has long been
discovered/recognized. It is a major source of contributions that help induce
industrial growth and structural development of an economy. Agriculture’s
multiple functions for development follows triggering economic growth, reducing
poverty, narrowing income disparities, providing food security and delivery of
environmental services.
Classical
theorists viewed economic development as a growth process of relocating factors
of production from an agricultural sector characterized by low productivity and
the use of traditional/crude technology to a modern industrial sector
characterized by high productivity.
In the early
stages of development, large share of manufacturing is agriculturally
connected. As much, rising income of household in rural areas is vital to
provide market for manufactures and services domestically produced. Moreso,
technological change and output growth in agriculture were linked to closed
economy model that in turn held down urban wage costs and stimulated
competitive exports of industrial products (Hsieh and Sadoulet, 2007). This
ideology falls under the structural transformation paradigm. There is however
an argument for a broader role of agriculture for development.
In 2000, 191
United Nations members agreed on the central role for meeting the environmental
agenda and this was enshrined in the eight millennium development goals. Agriculture
is considered as the major user and abuser of natural resources. Agriculture
relates to the MDGs and “particularly central to the three of them – poverty
reduction and hunger, fostering gender equality and sustainable management of
environment”. Moreover, agricultural growth remains critical to achieving these
goals.
Based upon
its substantial base to build upon in view of its abundant natural resources,
including 98.3 million hectares of which 74 million hectare is good for farming
even though a half is utilized (Omotor, 2009). In view of its climate and agro
ecological conditions, Nigeria has potential for producing a wide variety of
crops through mechanized farming. Climatic characteristic of the nation from
the tropical areas of the coast to the arid zone of the north makes it possible
to produce varieties of products that can be grown in the tropical and semi
tropical areas of the world. The varieties include sorghum, yam, tuber, cocoa,
palm fruit et cetera.
Agriculture
suffers from low productivity reflecting reliance on antiquated methods. The
economic importance of agriculture covers employment generation of which is a
major labour employer, it holds the ace for reducing unemployment. Unemployment
is among the threatening problems facing Nigeria.
Records have
it that the technological strides of the more developed economies had their
root in agriculture. Early development theorists argue that agriculture can
offer the much needed output of food and propagate industrialization. The
argument/debate is anchored on the raw materials needed by the industries along
with the labour that will be absorbed by industries.
The Nigerian
economy was positive in 2003. Annual GDP grew by 9.1 percent (NBS, 2007)
between 2003 and 2005, 6.1 percent from 2006-2008. The growth can be attributed
to the non oil sector, primarily agriculture which has grown rapidly accounting
for about 35 percent to total GDP.
Effort to
restore the sector has yielded less than optimal result. Potential of the
sector is large, considering the capacity of the sector to provide the
sustenance for the population through increased output and employment to better
the welfare of citizens, providing foreign exchange, stimulating investment and
industrialization. Because of poor technology, output and income are low.
Consequently, agriculture is caught in a low level equilibrium trap where the
rate of return cannot rise among other things in view of the method of
operation/practice (Titus, 1996). Developing the sector is crucial to economic
development. With soaring poverty, unemployment, importation of basic tools
needs agriculture holds, potential for bringing about general development of
national economy, therefore, the researcher has embarked upon this study to
evaluate the role of the Nigeria’s agriculture in development.
1.1 Statement of the Problem
Agriculture
is one of Nigeria’s real sector capable of fostering economic growth. The
sector is a catalyst, that is, it is a propagator of growth which can trickle
down to other sectors and thus bring about development.
In Nigeria,
agriculture has undergone neglect in the form of poor management, poorly
implemented government policies and lack of basic infrastructure necessary for
better performance. Nigeria’s economy can be described as an agricultural
economy even before independence and till date, a greater part of the
population is engaged in agricultural practice.
Agriculture
employs over 65 percent of the labour force, contributes immensely to gross
domestic product and generates revenue for government through export.
Despites
these benefits, there is more that can be derived howbeit, there is a dwindling
interest in the sector. In 1980, government expenditure (recurrent) in
education was N155.81m, N52.79m for health, transport and communications
received N27.30m but government recurrent expenditure on agriculture was a
meager N17.14m for that period. This amount decreased to N13.03m in the
preceeding year, N14.80m in 1982, N12.77m in 1983 before rising again to
N20.69m in 1986 and N46.15m in 1987 which cannot be compared with N225.01m
spent on education.
A further
review reveals that in 2000, the federal recurrent expenditure shows that
N15.218m was spent on health, N57,956.64m was spent on education, N25, 154.67m
on internal security and N6,335.78m was sparingly given to agriculture.
Another
problem facing this sector can be seen in the amount of farmland cultivated. In
1990, 82 million hectares of Nigeria’s total land area of about 91 million
hectares were found arable even though42% of the cultivated area was farmed.
Nigeria’s
cocoa output has declined with a potential of producing 300,000 tons per year,
but in 1999 145,000 tons was produced. There is how investment in agriculture.
The potential of the sector is barely tapped which explains the gap in meeting
the increasing demand for agriculture commodities. Credit facility is difficult
to obtain. This hinders the shift from crude implement to sophisticated farming
machines. These problems necessitated this study to determine the role of
Nigeria’s agriculture in development.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The
objectives of this study includes the following
1. To evaluate the agricultural history of
Nigeria.
2. To make meaningful suggestions as remedial
measures for solving some of the problems facing agricultural development in
Nigeria.
3. To assess the cause of decline in
agricultural production in the sector in Nigeria.
4. Ways agriculture can bring about
development.
5. Agricultural reforms at revamping the
sector for national development.
1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The
operational hypothesis to support the research work is hereby stated thus;
H0: Agriculture does not have a significant
effect on national development
H1: Agricultural has a significant effect on
national development.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A
flourishing agricultural sector can offer a lot towards economic development.
The study aims to provide answers to what the relevance of agriculture is to
economic development, the causes of agricultural decline and how the present
agricultural productivity will be improved in order to create more job
opportunities, foreign exchange, investment opportunities for overall economic
development.
The research
is significant as it stands to benefit Nigeria as a whole. The research intends
to bring out ways to improve on agriculture for development through increased
agricultural investment, research in finding solutions to problem facing
agriculture for development in Nigeria.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The scope of
this study is Nigeria and focus on the role of the Nigerian agriculture in
development. The originality and reliability of any study or research work is
based on the quantity and quality of available data. Hence, this research work
is constrained by several factors including availability of data in sufficient
quantity, time constraint as well as sufficient finance to complete the project
write up.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
There are
some terms that are used in this study that require an explanation. The meaning
of the concepts as it is portrayed in this study is necessary for
comprehension.
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture
is the occupation of cultivating land and rearing crops and livestock,
farming,. It is also the art or science of cultivating the ground, including
the harvesting of crops and the rearing and management of livestock, tillage,
husbandry, and farming.
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY
Agricultural
productivity is the rate of agricultural commodities to the rate of inputs used
in production. It is the ratio of output to input in the agricultural
production process.
ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Economic
development is a sustained concerted actions of policy makers and communities
that promote the living standard and economic health of an economy. It is also
the quantitative and qualitative changes in an economy.
POVERTY
Poverty
according to the United Nations (2010) is the inability of getting choices and
opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to
participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and
clothe a family, not having school or clinic to go to, not having the land on
which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to
credit.
The World
Bank (2010) defines poverty as pronounced deprivation in well-being and
comprises low incomes and the inability to acquire basic goods and services
necessary for survival with dignity.
UNEMPLOYMENT
AND EMPLOYMENT
Unemployment
is the state of being without work but actively seeking or searching for work
or waiting to return to work.
Employment
is the state of having jobs and performing any paid work.
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THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF COCOYAM
PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa Countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt, with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be to avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains sufficient for
planting of cocoyam. The study therefore seeks to examine and appraise the
problems and prospects of cocoyam production in our society, a case study of
Ovia North East Local Government Area.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Research questions
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Limitation of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Historical Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
Research design
Population of the study
Research instrument
Data collection
Statistical techniques
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and interpretation
of result
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, conclusion and
recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Cocoyam (colocasia spp and xanthosoma
spp) is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world
particularly in Africa for human nutrition, animal feed, and cash income for
both farmers and traders (Onwueme and Chales, 1994). Cocoyam is vegetative
propagated using the corms and to a lesser extent the cormels. As food for
human consumption, the nutritional value parts of cocoyam is primarily caloric
(Davis et al, 1992). The underground cormels provides easily digested starch;
and the leaves are nutritious spinach like vegetable, which give a lot of
minerals, vitamins and thiamine (Tambong et al, 1997).
There are two major types commonly
grown in Nigeria namely; colocasia spp and xanthosma spp. In Nigeria, it is
regarded as a major crop especially in X2 female headed household. Nigeria is
one of the largest producers of cocoyam in the world contributing about 40% of
total annual production okinpshectares of land out of the total arable land of
27,900.00 hectares under cocoyam production.
Cocoyam grows in association with
other food and tree crops a system mostly practiced by subsistence farmers in
Nigeria. The bulk of the production of cocoyam is in South East, Nigeria
(Enyinnia, 2001). Cocoyam is regarded as
a major food crop in Nigeria especially in female headed households. Nwabuzor
(2001) noted that cocoyam can be consumed in various forms when boiled, fried,
pounded or roasted. It can also be processed into chips (“achicha”) which has a
long shelf and provides food all year round especially during lean planting
season (Asadu, 2006). Cocoyam leaves are also used as vegetable for preparing
soup in various part of the world. There is a decline in the yields of cocoyam
on the past few years. As population pressure on land continues to increases,
the importance of cocoyam in ensuring household food security is given adequate
recognition even through the present yield are still below expectation. This
could be attributed to a lot of factors such as climate variation, drought,
poor cultural practices among cocoyam growers, pest and diseases infestation
(Ezenwu, 2010).
Despite the usefulness of cocoyam
corms and leaves in human nutrition, its production and processing in Nigeria
is faced with a lot of challenges. Some of these challenges are the alarming
rate of land degradation and lack of improved varieties for commercial cocoyam
and leaf production. Decreasing rainfall and poor soil have also been
identified as some of the challenges processing of cocoyam in Nigeria (Osagoe,
2006). Therefore, this study was carried out with the broad objective of
ascertaining strategies for improving cocoyam production and processing among
women farmers in Edo State, Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In any human endeavour, there are
bound to be some obstacle or hindrance in any of achieving exception to this
general rule. Hence this research is designed to find out the problem and
prospects of cocoyam production in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo
State.
1.3
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the study is to
examine and appraise the problem and prospects of cocoyam production in our
society, a case study of Ovia North East Local Government Area.
To know the number of farmer producing cocoyam in the local government
area.
To know the type of production system.
Identifying problem of cocoyam production
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains enough stock raw
materials in period of short supply and anticipate price changes.
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study is centred on planning of
cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on
cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full
in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from
respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
This investigation had a very limited
for the study and they only limited time for the study and they only limited
the work.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on planting of
cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on
cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full
in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from
respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cocoyam: Cocoyam are herbaceous
perennial plants belonging to the family araceae and are grown primarily of
their edible roots, although all parts of the plant are edible. Cocoyam that
are cultivated as food crops belong to either the genus colocasia or the genus
xanthosoma and are generally comprised of a large spherical corm (swollen
underground storage stem), from which a few large leaves emerge.
Problem: A problem is a road block in
a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a
resolution.
Prospect: A prospect is the
possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your
class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.
Production: The process of making or
growing something for scale or use.
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