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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF NIGERIA’S AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPMENT


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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF NIGERIA’S AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPMENT


CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.0   Background to the Study
The economies of the developed nations has agriculture as the basis for growth and development. Most developing countries have agriculture as their primary (traditional) pursuit and it’s the gateway to sustained growth of the economies. Nigeria is greatly endowed with potentials, resources and the wherewithal to provide the basic needs of the citizens. Before discovering oil in commercial quantities, the economic system of Nigeria was agro-based with the sector accounting for about two third of the Gross domestic product (GDP) and during pre independence, it had been the main stay of the nation.

According to (Amaza and Udoh, 2000), “agriculture is the main stay of households in Nigeria and is a significant sector in Nigeria’s economy. This explains that a strong agricultural sector has a multiplier effect on any nation’s socio-economic and industrial fabric due to its multi-dimensional nature. Until the 1970s the sector provided the basic food of the population, was a major earner of foreign exchange for Nigeria and supplied raw materials required by manufacturing sector to provide adequate employment. The agriculture sector still remains the principal supplier of raw materials for industries. Effort have been geared towards accelerating economic development with the ultimate goal of transforming the economy into an industrialized one, raising the welfare of the population with agriculture acting as the catalyst for the realization of the goals. The traditional role of agriculture in economic development provides the foundation for this position (Obiechina, 2007).

Agriculture also called farming include the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other forms of food biofuel, fibre, drugs and other products, used to sustain and enhance human life. In most developing countries, agriculture is the springboard for economic development and a sustained growth of the modern economy. It can be stated here that economic growth goes hand-in-hand with a flourishing agricultural sector, as well a dwindling agricultural sector is the principal factor for poor economic performance of developing countries particularly Nigeria. Abayomi (1997) stated that rising agricultural productivity has been the main concomitant of successful industrialization and among the roles conventionally ascribed to agricultural sector constitutes the major source of employment.

Agriculture is a pertinent sector for reducing poverty and sustaining growth of developing countries. In terms of contribution to Gross Domestic Product, the food and agricultural sector dominates developing nations including Nigeria especially among the rural dwellers. This contribution also includes employment and income, its growth and development are necessary for the overall process of socioeconomic development of Nigeria.

The fundamental roles ascribed to agriculture for development has long been discovered/recognized. It is a major source of contributions that help induce industrial growth and structural development of an economy. Agriculture’s multiple functions for development follows triggering economic growth, reducing poverty, narrowing income disparities, providing food security and delivery of environmental services.

Classical theorists viewed economic development as a growth process of relocating factors of production from an agricultural sector characterized by low productivity and the use of traditional/crude technology to a modern industrial sector characterized by high productivity.

In the early stages of development, large share of manufacturing is agriculturally connected. As much, rising income of household in rural areas is vital to provide market for manufactures and services domestically produced. Moreso, technological change and output growth in agriculture were linked to closed economy model that in turn held down urban wage costs and stimulated competitive exports of industrial products (Hsieh and Sadoulet, 2007). This ideology falls under the structural transformation paradigm. There is however an argument for a broader role of agriculture for development.

In 2000, 191 United Nations members agreed on the central role for meeting the environmental agenda and this was enshrined in the eight millennium development goals. Agriculture is considered as the major user and abuser of natural resources. Agriculture relates to the MDGs and “particularly central to the three of them – poverty reduction and hunger, fostering gender equality and sustainable management of environment”. Moreover, agricultural growth remains critical to achieving these goals.

Based upon its substantial base to build upon in view of its abundant natural resources, including 98.3 million hectares of which 74 million hectare is good for farming even though a half is utilized (Omotor, 2009). In view of its climate and agro ecological conditions, Nigeria has potential for producing a wide variety of crops through mechanized farming. Climatic characteristic of the nation from the tropical areas of the coast to the arid zone of the north makes it possible to produce varieties of products that can be grown in the tropical and semi tropical areas of the world. The varieties include sorghum, yam, tuber, cocoa, palm fruit et cetera.

Agriculture suffers from low productivity reflecting reliance on antiquated methods. The economic importance of agriculture covers employment generation of which is a major labour employer, it holds the ace for reducing unemployment. Unemployment is among the threatening problems facing Nigeria.

Records have it that the technological strides of the more developed economies had their root in agriculture. Early development theorists argue that agriculture can offer the much needed output of food and propagate industrialization. The argument/debate is anchored on the raw materials needed by the industries along with the labour that will be absorbed by industries.

The Nigerian economy was positive in 2003. Annual GDP grew by 9.1 percent (NBS, 2007) between 2003 and 2005, 6.1 percent from 2006-2008. The growth can be attributed to the non oil sector, primarily agriculture which has grown rapidly accounting for about 35 percent to total GDP.

Effort to restore the sector has yielded less than optimal result. Potential of the sector is large, considering the capacity of the sector to provide the sustenance for the population through increased output and employment to better the welfare of citizens, providing foreign exchange, stimulating investment and industrialization. Because of poor technology, output and income are low. Consequently, agriculture is caught in a low level equilibrium trap where the rate of return cannot rise among other things in view of the method of operation/practice (Titus, 1996). Developing the sector is crucial to economic development. With soaring poverty, unemployment, importation of basic tools needs agriculture holds, potential for bringing about general development of national economy, therefore, the researcher has embarked upon this study to evaluate the role of the Nigeria’s agriculture in development.

1.1   Statement of the Problem

Agriculture is one of Nigeria’s real sector capable of fostering economic growth. The sector is a catalyst, that is, it is a propagator of growth which can trickle down to other sectors and thus bring about development.

In Nigeria, agriculture has undergone neglect in the form of poor management, poorly implemented government policies and lack of basic infrastructure necessary for better performance. Nigeria’s economy can be described as an agricultural economy even before independence and till date, a greater part of the population is engaged in agricultural practice.

Agriculture employs over 65 percent of the labour force, contributes immensely to gross domestic product and generates revenue for government through export.

Despites these benefits, there is more that can be derived howbeit, there is a dwindling interest in the sector. In 1980, government expenditure (recurrent) in education was N155.81m, N52.79m for health, transport and communications received N27.30m but government recurrent expenditure on agriculture was a meager N17.14m for that period. This amount decreased to N13.03m in the preceeding year, N14.80m in 1982, N12.77m in 1983 before rising again to N20.69m in 1986 and N46.15m in 1987 which cannot be compared with N225.01m spent on education.

A further review reveals that in 2000, the federal recurrent expenditure shows that N15.218m was spent on health, N57,956.64m was spent on education, N25, 154.67m on internal security and N6,335.78m was sparingly given to agriculture.

Another problem facing this sector can be seen in the amount of farmland cultivated. In 1990, 82 million hectares of Nigeria’s total land area of about 91 million hectares were found arable even though42% of the cultivated area was farmed.

Nigeria’s cocoa output has declined with a potential of producing 300,000 tons per year, but in 1999 145,000 tons was produced. There is how investment in agriculture. The potential of the sector is barely tapped which explains the gap in meeting the increasing demand for agriculture commodities. Credit facility is difficult to obtain. This hinders the shift from crude implement to sophisticated farming machines. These problems necessitated this study to determine the role of Nigeria’s agriculture in development.

1.2   Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study includes the following

1.     To evaluate the agricultural history of Nigeria.

2.     To make meaningful suggestions as remedial measures for solving some of the problems facing agricultural development in Nigeria.

3.     To assess the cause of decline in agricultural production in the sector in Nigeria.

4.     Ways agriculture can bring about development.

5.     Agricultural reforms at revamping the sector for national development.

1.3   RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The operational hypothesis to support the research work is hereby stated thus;

H0:   Agriculture does not have a significant effect on national development

H1:   Agricultural has a significant effect on national development.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A flourishing agricultural sector can offer a lot towards economic development. The study aims to provide answers to what the relevance of agriculture is to economic development, the causes of agricultural decline and how the present agricultural productivity will be improved in order to create more job opportunities, foreign exchange, investment opportunities for overall economic development.

The research is significant as it stands to benefit Nigeria as a whole. The research intends to bring out ways to improve on agriculture for development through increased agricultural investment, research in finding solutions to problem facing agriculture for development in Nigeria.

1.5   SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study is Nigeria and focus on the role of the Nigerian agriculture in development. The originality and reliability of any study or research work is based on the quantity and quality of available data. Hence, this research work is constrained by several factors including availability of data in sufficient quantity, time constraint as well as sufficient finance to complete the project write up.

1.6   DEFINITION OF TERMS

There are some terms that are used in this study that require an explanation. The meaning of the concepts as it is portrayed in this study is necessary for comprehension.

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture is the occupation of cultivating land and rearing crops and livestock, farming,. It is also the art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops and the rearing and management of livestock, tillage, husbandry, and farming.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

Agricultural productivity is the rate of agricultural commodities to the rate of inputs used in production. It is the ratio of output to input in the agricultural production process.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Economic development is a sustained concerted actions of policy makers and communities that promote the living standard and economic health of an economy. It is also the quantitative and qualitative changes in an economy.

POVERTY

Poverty according to the United Nations (2010) is the inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit.

The World Bank (2010) defines poverty as pronounced deprivation in well-being and comprises low incomes and the inability to acquire basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity.

UNEMPLOYMENT AND EMPLOYMENT

Unemployment is the state of being without work but actively seeking or searching for work or waiting to return to work.

Employment is the state of having jobs and performing any paid work.

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ATTENTION:
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INFORMATION:
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THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF COCOYAM PRODUCTION

ABSTRACT
It is a common practice in Nigeria and other West Africa Countries especially in area lying within the rainforest belt, with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be to avoid excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains sufficient for planting of cocoyam. The study therefore seeks to examine and appraise the problems and prospects of cocoyam production in our society, a case study of Ovia North East Local Government Area.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Research questions

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Scope of the study

Limitation of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Historical Literature review

CHAPTER THREE       

Research methodology

Research design

Population of the study

Research instrument

Data collection

Statistical techniques

CHAPTER FOUR

Data presentation and interpretation of result

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, conclusion and recommendation

REFERENCES

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Cocoyam (colocasia spp and xanthosoma spp) is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world particularly in Africa for human nutrition, animal feed, and cash income for both farmers and traders (Onwueme and Chales, 1994). Cocoyam is vegetative propagated using the corms and to a lesser extent the cormels. As food for human consumption, the nutritional value parts of cocoyam is primarily caloric (Davis et al, 1992). The underground cormels provides easily digested starch; and the leaves are nutritious spinach like vegetable, which give a lot of minerals, vitamins and thiamine (Tambong et al, 1997).

There are two major types commonly grown in Nigeria namely; colocasia spp and xanthosma spp. In Nigeria, it is regarded as a major crop especially in X2 female headed household. Nigeria is one of the largest producers of cocoyam in the world contributing about 40% of total annual production okinpshectares of land out of the total arable land of 27,900.00 hectares under cocoyam production.

Cocoyam grows in association with other food and tree crops a system mostly practiced by subsistence farmers in Nigeria. The bulk of the production of cocoyam is in South East, Nigeria (Enyinnia, 2001). Cocoyam  is regarded as a major food crop in Nigeria especially in female headed households. Nwabuzor (2001) noted that cocoyam can be consumed in various forms when boiled, fried, pounded or roasted. It can also be processed into chips (“achicha”) which has a long shelf and provides food all year round especially during lean planting season (Asadu, 2006). Cocoyam leaves are also used as vegetable for preparing soup in various part of the world. There is a decline in the yields of cocoyam on the past few years. As population pressure on land continues to increases, the importance of cocoyam in ensuring household food security is given adequate recognition even through the present yield are still below expectation. This could be attributed to a lot of factors such as climate variation, drought, poor cultural practices among cocoyam growers, pest and diseases infestation (Ezenwu, 2010).

Despite the usefulness of cocoyam corms and leaves in human nutrition, its production and processing in Nigeria is faced with a lot of challenges. Some of these challenges are the alarming rate of land degradation and lack of improved varieties for commercial cocoyam and leaf production. Decreasing rainfall and poor soil have also been identified as some of the challenges processing of cocoyam in Nigeria (Osagoe, 2006). Therefore, this study was carried out with the broad objective of ascertaining strategies for improving cocoyam production and processing among women farmers in Edo State, Nigeria.

1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In any human endeavour, there are bound to be some obstacle or hindrance in any of achieving exception to this general rule. Hence this research is designed to find out the problem and prospects of cocoyam production in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State.

1.3    PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the study is to examine and appraise the problem and prospects of cocoyam production in our society, a case study of Ovia North East Local Government Area.

    To know the number of farmer producing cocoyam in the local government area.
    To know the type of production system.
    Identifying problem of cocoyam production

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is a common practice in Nigeria and other West Africa countries especially in area lying within the rainforest belt with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be avoid excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains enough stock raw materials in period of short supply and anticipate price changes.

1.5    RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study is centred on planning of cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.

This investigation had a very limited for the study and they only limited time for the study and they only limited the work.

1.6    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is centered on planting of cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.

1.8    DEFINITION OF TERMS

Cocoyam: Cocoyam are herbaceous perennial plants belonging to the family araceae and are grown primarily of their edible roots, although all parts of the plant are edible. Cocoyam that are cultivated as food crops belong to either the genus colocasia or the genus xanthosoma and are generally comprised of a large spherical corm (swollen underground storage stem), from which a few large leaves emerge.

Problem: A problem is a road block in a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a resolution.

Prospect: A prospect is the possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.

Production: The process of making or growing something for scale or use.
HOW TO GET THE FULL PROJECT WORK

PLEASE, print the following instructions and information if you will like to order/buy our complete written material(s).

HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420

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(2)     Email Address
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We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert

BANK ACCOUNTS
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Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.

OR
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Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.



FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
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