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PERCEPTION
OF FARMERS ON THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FARM PRODUCE
ABSTRACT
The research
was carried out based on the perception of farmers of the effect of climate
change on farm produce.
The aim of
the study was to identify various climatic factors that can affect farming system which include
sunrise (hot temperature), winter, equinox, rainfall, summer, coldness, wind
etc and also places where lakes, rivers ocean / sea, stream, rocks/ hills
forest etc are available .
Critically,
the study revealed that rainfall and dry season are the common features in
Nigerian climate which are the natural determinant for farm produce.
The study
assessed the problems associated with climate change and how farmers can cope
with such effects.
It was
deduced from the study that high
temperature can be harmful to crop produce and excessive rainfall can
result to flooding and washing off nutrients in soil
and making it unfit for planting.
The study
revealed facts that farmers are aware of
numerous factors that can be
responsible for climate change such as changes
in rainfall, excessive wind, high temperature and shortage of rainfall.
The research
was carried out in Lagos State Agricultural Supply Input Authority, Ojo Lagos
State.
Sixty (60)
respondents were selected as the sample size for the study. The three (3) null
(Ho) hypothesis formulated for the study were all rejected and the alternate
forms were accepted.
The
instrument for the study was the questionnaires and it contained (30) thirty
research questions.
Discussions
and findings were based on the outcome of the responses.
The
researcher holds confidence that if the finding and discussions made in this
study are given due consideration and
implemented, it will go a long way to enable our farmers to cope with climate change to
enhance farm produce.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The theme of
this research is based on the perception of farmers of the effect of climate
change on farm produce. It has been logically argued that climate change may
positively and negatively affect the
growth of crop in agricultural system.
In some broken
down analysis, climate is a sole determinant for the success of farm produce and its harvest as well.
Emphasis are hereby made below under some given headings.
1.1BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
According to
Kolbert., (2006) climate encompasses the
temperatures, humidity, atmospheric pressure, winds, rainfall,
atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorological elements in a
given region over long periods of time, as opposed to the term weather, which refers to current
activity of these same elements.
The climate
of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, altitude, persistent ice or
snow cover, as well as nearby oceans and their currents.
Climates can
be classified using parameters such temperature and rainfall to define specific
climate types. (Seiz, 2007)
According to
Haeberli, (2008) from Montana State University, climate change is any long term
significant change in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific
region (or, more relevantly to contemporary socio-political concerns, of the
earth as a whole) over an appropriately significant period of time.
<
Susanne, and
Veizer (2008) revealed that climate change reflects abnormal variations to the
expected climate within the earth’s
atmosphere and subsequent effects on other parts of the earth, such as in the
ice caps over durations ranging from
decades to million of years.
Reports
revealed by the inter-governmental panel on climate change (IPCC 2007) stated
that climate change in the research of
a great many factors including the
dynamic processes of the earth itself, external forces including variation in
sunlight intensity, and more recently by human activities, which might in
future be deliberate geo-engineering.
External factors that can shape climate are often called climate forcing and
include such processes as variations in solar radiation, deviations in the
Earths orbit and the level of greenhouse gas concentrations.
There have
been so many variations on carbondioxide(Co2) during the last 50 million years.
The increased carbondioxide level are thought to exacerbate the heating effects
of the greenhouse effect by reading the re-radiation of heat from the sun and,
therefore, increasing the temperature contained in the atmosphere.
As the
ability of the atmosphere to capture and recycle energy emitted by the Earth’s
surface is essential to a stable climate, this heightened temperature may
introduce a de-stabilizing influence and potentially affect global weather
patterns and eventually, long-term climate change.
(Source:
Buckley, and Wallace, 2008)
Framers
efforts on yielding mass harvest and encouraging large plantation may be
seriously terminated and hampered from the perception of climate change. Where
alternative instruments are not introduced to counteract the factors militating
against favourable climate on farm produce this may lay a set back on
agricultural input and output by our farmers.
It obvioused
that climate change had contributed towards initiating basic subsistence
farming system order than the mechanized farming product for large market of
farm produce.
For example,
a region where climate change had hampered the possibility of regular actual
rainfall variably, water system irrigation can be applied to artificially
supply wet contents on crop growth and improving regular harvest.
Farmers in
Nigeria today are faced with variable challenges on climate change making the
agricultural sector prone to difficulties in enhancing crop production as a
result of weak alternative facilities, equipments and scientific instruments to
improve the range of farming.
Dr Daniel
(2008) from the University of Maiduguri revealed findings that climate change
plays a significant role in agriculture by setting up limits for crop
production. The main climatic elements in agriculture are temperature,
moisture, sunlight, wind and evaporation. Most crops are sensitive to episodes of high
temperature. High temperatures between 45oc and 55oc that occur for at least 30
minutes directly, damage crop leaves in most environments, and lower
temperatures between 35-40oc can be damaging if they persist longer.
Awosika, and
Ajayi, (2002) opined that vulnerability of crops to damage by high temperatures varies with
developmental stage thus, high temperatures during reproductive development are
particularly injurious. For example, to
maize at tussling, to soybean at flowering and to wheat at grain filling.`
Soybean in
one of crops that seems to have the ability to recover from heat stress,
perhaps, because it is in determinate.
Whereas as
stated by Adefolau (2000) food crops like yam, cocoyam, potatoes, cassava can
get damage (burnt) due to excessive heat temperature.
Precipitation,
being the primary source of soil moisture is probably the most important factor
determining the productivity of corps. While global climate models predict an
overall increase in mean global
precipitation, their results also show the potential for changed hydrological regimes in most places.
Ojo (2000) a
change in climate can cause changes in
total precipitation, within season pattern, and between season variability for
crop productivity, a change in the pattern of precipitation events may be even
more important than a change in the annual precipitation. The water regime of
crops is also vulnerable to a potential rise in the daily rate and alerted
seasonal pattern of precipitation events may be even more important than a
change in the annual precipitation. The water regime of crops is also
vulnerable to a potential rise in the daily rate and altered seasonal pattern
of evapotranspiration, brought on by warm temperature, drier air, or windier
conditions. Drought conditions may be
brought about by lower amounts of precipitation falling.
Oni (2001)
opines that farm produce and yield quantity are likely to suffer if dry periods
occur during critical developmental stages. In most grain crops, flowering,
pollination and grain filling are especially sensitive to water stress, heat
stress and drought stresses often occur simultaneously one contributing to the
other. High solar radiance and high
winds often accompany these conditions. When crops are subjected to drought
stress, their stomata close, such closure reduces transportation and
consequently, raises plant temperatures. Excessively wet years, on the other
hand, may cause farm produce declines
due to water logging and increased pest infestation (Dr. Daniel, 2008).
Intense
burst of rainfall may damage younger plants and promote water logging of
standing crops with repining grain, as well as soil erosion. The extent of crop
damage depends on the duration of precipitation and flooding, crop
developmental stage, air and soil temperatures.
1.2STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
The research
tends to examine the perception of farmers of the effect of climate change on
farm produce.
Climate
change may serve as a factor that can hinder crop yield and as such bring to an
end the agricultural activities of
farmers.
It is a
problem that if farmers have no means to face and tackle the global climate
models affecting yield processes farm produce can maximally decline due to
acute change in climate. But it is believed that this can be controlled through
some adaptation options as proposed and laid down by Dr. Adejuwon (2004) from
Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU). It has been revealed in his findings and
discussions and likewise other related scholars.
Climate
change will be a bone of contention on farmers posing barriers to actual farm
produce until proper adjustment and technical adaptation models are absorbed
and utilized by our farmers.
1.3PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The
objectives of the research are stated below as follows.
i. To examine the various climate change
and how they affect farm produce in Nigeria.
ii. To appraise possible adaptation
options that can be utilized by farmers for responding to climate change.
iii. To create an awareness on climate
change and how it can be controlled on farm produce by farmers to assess the
factors militating climate change and the problems faced by farmers.
iv. To assess the factors militating
climate change and the problems faced by farmers on farm produce.
1.4RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The following
research questions had been formulated for the research as follows:
i. Does climate change affect farm
produce in Nigeria?
ii. Can farmers respond to climate
change through possible adaptation options on farm produce?
iii. Can climate change be controlled in
farm produce by farmers through a critical awareness?
iv. What are the factors militating
climate change and the problems faced by farmers on farm produce?
1.5RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
The null
hypotheses were formulated for the research as follows:
Ho: Climate change has no significant effect on
farm produce in agricultural system in Nigeria.
Ho: There is
no significant responses to farmers to climate change through possible adaptation
models.
Ho: There is
no significant relationship between the factors responsible for climate change
and problems encountered by farmers on farm produce.
1.6SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The study
reversals the factors responsible for climate change and the effects they have
on farm produce.
The research
relates the basic problems encountered by farmers on farm produce through
climate change.
The research
reveals alternative models as adaptation options that can be utilized and
experimented by farmers in counteracting climate change on farm produce. The
study shows the interrelationship of climate change and the problems of farmers
on agricultural produce.
The study
will reveal how climate change affect the various crops in farming system and
the means that can be adopted to prevent any further damage on such crops.
The study
will relate variably that climate change can pose storage on farm produce
thereby affecting the marketing system of agricultural out put and lead to high
cost per unit of produce.
Farmers,
agricultural scientists, food technologists, scientists and teachers will
device possible solution from this study as a reference materials in tackling
and counteracting climate change on farm produce.
The research
serves as a resource knowledge to government in taking necessary steps towards
responding to climate change and maintain technology standard in agricultural
sector in Nigeria.
1.7SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study is
limited to Lagos State Agricultural Supply Input Authority of Ojo Local
District Area of Lagos State. A selection of sixty (60) respondents will be
made randomly by the researcher. These respondents include male and female
alike. They shall be used for collecting respondence as data fro the study.
The
researcher was confronted by major constraints to carry out this research and
they include:
Financial
problems, stress, energy wasted by the researcher. And the long distance to be
covered and also the pains in selecting and meeting the respondence to gather
useful information for the study.
1.8DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Farmer: A
person who grows field crops and or manages orchards or vineyards or raises
livestock or poultry.
Agriculture:
refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry and
poultry keeping.
Farm: A
field, for planting crops and harvesting them and also a place meant for
raising livestock.
Forestry:
the science or practice of planting and taking care of tress and forest.
Climate: The
regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place.
Weather: A
set of all the phenomena occurring in a given atmosphere at a given time.
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