COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF THE GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF TWO AGROFORESTRY TREE SPECIES IN THE NURSERY
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COMPARATIVE
INVESTIGATION OF THE GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF TWO AGROFORESTRY TREE
SPECIES IN THE NURSERY
ABSTRACT
The
comparative investigation of the germination and early growth of two
Agroforstry tree species in the nursery was studied. Seeds of Annona
recticulata were collected from a compound in Benin City. while the fruits of
Annona muricata were purchased from New Benin Market. On the 6th of June 2012 a
portion of land at the nursery of the department of forestry and wildlife
faculty of agriculture university of Benin, Benin city Nigeria was cleared. 350
polyethene bags of smallest size that were stocked with white sand already
washed was introduced to the cleared site 182 seeds of Annona recticulata was
sown into 182 polyethene bags on the 6th June 2012. While on the 7th June 2012
a total number of another 350 polyethene bags of smallest size was introduced
to the project site again. Immediately after this the polyethene bags were
arranged in sects of 50’s and replicated twice in the horizontal and seven
times in the vertical. On the 14th of June a total number of 237 seeds of
Annona muricata was sown into 183 polyethene bags. So in all a total of 410
seeds were sown.
Germination
of Annona recticulata started on the 19th June 2012 which is 13 days interval
after it was sown, and germination ended on the 7th of July, out of the 182
seeds of annona recticulata sown, only 9 germinated so it had a germination
percentage of 4.95%.
Germination
of Annona muricata started on the 13th July 2012 which is 19 days interval from
when it was planted, and ended on August 26th a total of 164 seeds germinated
as against the total number of 237 seeds that was sown, so the germination
percentage was recorded as 69.2%.
Measurement
of the stem diameter collar diameter, height, number of leaves, of the
seedlings of the two species annona recticulata and annona muricata under the
various treatment and replications started on the 13th of August 2012 and ended
October 8th 2012. Measurement of these dimension of the developing seedlings
for both species were carried out on a weekly basis, thereafter the mean value
of the various value for stem diameter, height collar diameter and no leaves
for each species annona recticulata and annona muricata was again later
documented, in the course of the experiment.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
A forest is
a large wooded area having a thick growth of trees and other plants. The
importance of trees and shrubs to man, animal, and the environment are
numerous. Trees and other plants of the forest act as filter which cleans the
air we breath. Clean air is of great value to human health. Chacolo and Pineae
(1991), Smith (1978) and Desanto (1976).
The tern
phytoremediation is a word for the absorption of dangerous chemicals and other
pollutants that are harmful into less harmful forms, Pollard (1977). They also
further sewage farm chemicals reduce road side spills and clean water runoff
into streams. Noise pollution is known to be controlled by trees, Chacolo and
Pineace (1991). Apart from facilitating climatic modification Muller (1998),
trees are source of fuel wood, cline Cole (1990) and shepherd (1990) land scape
enhancement, Fortnnann and Riddell (1985) one can derive useful substances from
trees such as spice, fibre, medicine which are non-timber species Smith (1992).
Trees are sources of timber. They facilitate to some extent food security and
improved nutrition, Thannan (1987). The intensity of solar energy radiation
that reaches our vicinity is controlled to some extent by trees through solar
energy blocking offered by these trees Muller (1988). Apart from all of these
trees are also known to produce oxygen, enable wind break, carbon (iv)
oxide-sequestering and Green house effect, Go Green (2009).
Agroforestry,
compound tree planting protection plantation, aesthetic plantation, production
plantation are practices that enhance the raising of tree crops by various
people and communities. Agroforestry is a system of land use in which
harvestable trees and crops are grown among or around crops or on pasture land
as means of preserving or enhancing the productivity of the land. it is defined
as a method of farming integrating herbaceous and tree crop.
The system
has advantage over Conventional Agriculture and Forest production method. In
many ways, for example, it offers increased productivity economic benefits,
social outcomes in the ecological goods and services provided.
Biodiversity
in Agroforestry Systems is typically higher than conventional Agricultural
Systems. With two or more interacting species in a given land area it creates a
more complex habitat that can support a wider variety of birds insects and
other animals.
The
potential Impact of Agroforestry centres on the following:
Reducing
poverty through increased production of wood and other tree products for home
consumption and sale, Thannan (1987). Agroforestry contributes to Food Security
by restoring the soil fertility for food crops. It provides cleaner water
through reduced nutrient and soil runoff in water bodies Go Green (2009). It
counters global warming and the risk of hunger by increasing the number of
subsequent production of fruits nuts and edible oils, Thannan (1987).
It reduces
deforestation and pressure on wood lands through provision of farm grown fuel
wood, thus becoming a source of fuel wood, Cline Cole (1990) and Sherperd
(1990). It enables the reduction in need for useful biochemical substances such
as alkalliods and tannins, Smith (1992).
Through
Agroforestry more diverse farm outputs improved nutrition is possible Thannan
(1987). In situation where people have limited access to good health
facilities, it produces growing space for medicinal plants.
Physical
support system is another system of agroforestry in this grapes and other like
crops are raised along side with pruned trees. Variation of the physical
support system depends upon the type of vine. These trees enable wind break.
Features of
Agroforestry tree varies in respect to the kind of Agroforestry system
practiced. In alley cropping the desirable features are ease of establishment,
fast growing; good sprouting, and ability to fix nitrogen. Heavy palatable
foliage, deep rooted system, ease of propagation, adaptability to close spacing.
For home gardens the species involved have the following features like the
desired amount of shade, deep rooting. Features of species used in live fencing
include tolerance of minor injuries, fast growing, compatibility with animal
and perennial crops, provides fodder, fire resistant, posses thorns and can be
propagated vegetatively. for wind break the desired features of the species are
wind resistant, deep spreading root system, small open crown, ease to
propagate, species used in improved fallow system share some features such as
high nitrogen content in tissue. Fast biomass production, trees and raising of
livestock system of Agroforestry posses the following features such as high
protein, high nutrient content, palatability, free of toxic substances and
sprout well, Nair (1989).
The raising
of treecrops are of multi-purpose function one of which is the eradification of
desert encroachment which is already prevailing in the North so the demand for
wood and wood product is increasing due to increasing population, Amebo (2004).
The raising of trees can be carried out in various ways in which Agroforestry,
compound tree planting and many others are aspect of it.
The use of
any tree in agroforestry or compound tree planting would depend on some
qualities particularly tree size and ease of handling. Germination and early
growth are aspects of seed handling that can encourage or discourage a tree
planter.
1.1
Objectives of Study
This study
has the following objectives:
To
investigate the germinative capacity of two Agroforestry species Annona
recticulata and Annona muricata.
To study
early growth development of the two species in the Nursery.
1.2 Scope of
Study
The study
revolves around the germination and growth of Annona recticulata and Annona
muricata in the Nursery.
1.3
Justification of Study
Annona
recticulata and Annona muricata are trees that have numerous socio-economic and
environmental benefits to man, being small in size and amenable to compound and
agroforestry planting, it is worthwhile to examine them in terms of
Silivicultural requirement with a view of promoting their planting and use by
more people.
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ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE
READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL
PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE
COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953,
08168759420
THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS OF COCOYAM
PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa Countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt, with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be to avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains sufficient for
planting of cocoyam. The study therefore seeks to examine and appraise the
problems and prospects of cocoyam production in our society, a case study of
Ovia North East Local Government Area.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Research questions
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Limitation of the study
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Historical Literature review
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology
Research design
Population of the study
Research instrument
Data collection
Statistical techniques
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and interpretation
of result
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, conclusion and
recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Cocoyam (colocasia spp and xanthosoma
spp) is grown in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world
particularly in Africa for human nutrition, animal feed, and cash income for
both farmers and traders (Onwueme and Chales, 1994). Cocoyam is vegetative
propagated using the corms and to a lesser extent the cormels. As food for
human consumption, the nutritional value parts of cocoyam is primarily caloric
(Davis et al, 1992). The underground cormels provides easily digested starch;
and the leaves are nutritious spinach like vegetable, which give a lot of
minerals, vitamins and thiamine (Tambong et al, 1997).
There are two major types commonly
grown in Nigeria namely; colocasia spp and xanthosma spp. In Nigeria, it is
regarded as a major crop especially in X2 female headed household. Nigeria is
one of the largest producers of cocoyam in the world contributing about 40% of
total annual production okinpshectares of land out of the total arable land of
27,900.00 hectares under cocoyam production.
Cocoyam grows in association with
other food and tree crops a system mostly practiced by subsistence farmers in
Nigeria. The bulk of the production of cocoyam is in South East, Nigeria
(Enyinnia, 2001). Cocoyam is regarded as
a major food crop in Nigeria especially in female headed households. Nwabuzor
(2001) noted that cocoyam can be consumed in various forms when boiled, fried,
pounded or roasted. It can also be processed into chips (“achicha”) which has a
long shelf and provides food all year round especially during lean planting
season (Asadu, 2006). Cocoyam leaves are also used as vegetable for preparing
soup in various part of the world. There is a decline in the yields of cocoyam
on the past few years. As population pressure on land continues to increases,
the importance of cocoyam in ensuring household food security is given adequate
recognition even through the present yield are still below expectation. This
could be attributed to a lot of factors such as climate variation, drought,
poor cultural practices among cocoyam growers, pest and diseases infestation
(Ezenwu, 2010).
Despite the usefulness of cocoyam
corms and leaves in human nutrition, its production and processing in Nigeria
is faced with a lot of challenges. Some of these challenges are the alarming
rate of land degradation and lack of improved varieties for commercial cocoyam
and leaf production. Decreasing rainfall and poor soil have also been
identified as some of the challenges processing of cocoyam in Nigeria (Osagoe,
2006). Therefore, this study was carried out with the broad objective of
ascertaining strategies for improving cocoyam production and processing among
women farmers in Edo State, Nigeria.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In any human endeavour, there are bound
to be some obstacle or hindrance in any of achieving exception to this general
rule. Hence this research is designed to find out the problem and prospects of
cocoyam production in Ovia North East Local Government Area of Edo State.
1.3
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main aim of the study is to
examine and appraise the problem and prospects of cocoyam production in our
society, a case study of Ovia North East Local Government Area.
To know the number of farmer producing cocoyam in the local government
area.
To know the type of production system.
Identifying problem of cocoyam production
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is a common practice in Nigeria
and other West Africa countries especially in area lying within the rainforest
belt with thick vegetation cover, the aim of management should be avoid
excessive and inadequate level of farming system and maintains enough stock raw
materials in period of short supply and anticipate price changes.
1.5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This study is centred on planning of
cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on
cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full
in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from respondents
encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
This investigation had a very limited
for the study and they only limited time for the study and they only limited
the work.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on planting of
cocoyam in our local government council (Ovia North East) with more emphasis on
cocoyam production. Survey is a broad discipline that cannot be treated in full
in this study. The researcher while trying to obtain information from
respondents encountered certain drawback which hindered on farming system.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Cocoyam: Cocoyam are herbaceous
perennial plants belonging to the family araceae and are grown primarily of
their edible roots, although all parts of the plant are edible. Cocoyam that
are cultivated as food crops belong to either the genus colocasia or the genus
xanthosoma and are generally comprised of a large spherical corm (swollen
underground storage stem), from which a few large leaves emerge.
Problem: A problem is a road block in
a situation, something that sets up a conflict and forces you to find a
resolution.
Prospect: A prospect is the
possibility that something fabulous will happen. After you graduate top of your
class at Harvard, for example, your job prospects look great.
Production: The process of making or
growing something for scale or use.
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PLEASE,
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following information to
08068231953
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Your project topics
(2)
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(3)
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(4)
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will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
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ACCOUNTS
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Account
Number: 0046579864
Bank:
GTBank.
OR
Account
Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account
Number: 2023350498
Bank:
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FOR
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08068231953
or 08168759420
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