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EFFECT OF
HOUSING CONDITIONS ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
It is widely believed that students can
acquire better academic benefits from living in a decent housing unit within or
around the campus. So much so, that many colleges and universities, ranging
from small liberal arts colleges to large state universities, require students
to live on campus during their first year with few exceptions coupled with the
failure of the appropriate authorities in the provision of decent housing for
students. Typically, students exempt from such a policy include students over
the age of 25, students that are married and/or have children, and students in
the military as they can afford to provide for themselves a better housing unit
outside the campus at a comparatively expensive amount (Loring, 1996). It has been
suggested that availability of decent housing structure causes students to be
less likely to drop out or transfer, more likely to make academic progress, and
more capable of achieving a high level of academic performance.
Despite
these common perceptions, there are inherent difficulties in estimating the
impact decent housing unit has on student performance. For the schools that
require the year one students to live on campus, there is no effective control
group. Typically, year one students that do not live on campus share other
features with each other that set them apart. A house even for students is a
place where one lives. It is a place of residence or refuge. A house is not a
mere transient shelter. Its essence lies in the people who live in it (English,
1987).
Bad housing
covers a wide range of issues, including overcrowding, insecurity, housing that
is in poor physical condition, and living in deprived neighborhoods. The range
of health problems which can be attributed to poor housing conditions is large,
from psychological and physiological effects to specific diseases varying in
the degree of associated morbidity (Chapin, 2001). There is a large and
significant body of scientific literature that demonstrates convincingly that
there are direct causal links between different aspects of poor housing and
particular health conditions (Smith, 1990). Health problems that have been
associated with poor housing include the infectious diseases, non-infectious
respiratory diseases such as asthma, and social and psychological problems.
The
literature has identified three primary components of poor housing that are
directly linked to poor health outcomes: overcrowding, dampness and moulds, and
sanitation and basic housing quality. The researcher will explore t these
components and its relationship with
students academic performance coupled with the health consequences. Crowding is
generally considered as more of a threat to mental than physical health,
although the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and scabies is
also associated with overcrowding. Most studies investigating crowding adopt a
standard measure based on WHO guidelines of either persons/room or sq. ft /
person. However, a caution is in order since cultures vary in terms of their tolerance
for crowded living conditions. Mitchell (1976) proposed that crowding is a more
complex variable that requires a distinction between density– the number of
people per unit space, and congestion, which reflects the simultaneous demands
for the use of available space. The adverse mental health effect of crowding
stems from the lack of personal control over the available space, rather than
the actual small size of the space. Cultural variations in definitions of
“crowding” also play a mediating role. Crowding which has been part of students
housing system in Nigeria calls for concern making it necessary to carry out
research on the effect of housing condition on student’s academic performance.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study is designed to examine the
relationship between housing conditions and academic performance of students.
The level of research in this area is fraught with difficulty around proving
causation: for example, whether poor housing conditions cause certain people to
fail in achieving their educational potential, or whether the two are
'associated' – that those who are likely to fail at school tend to be
concentrated in poorer condition houses or neighbourhoods anyway. In some areas
(such as mental ill-health) there are schools of thought that those less able
to cope will 'drift' into poorer areas and housing conditions. Although there
may be more mileage in academic circles around the cause and effect arguments,
the evidence for the positive impact of better housing is overwhelming.
However, the researcher is analyzing the effect of housing conditions o
students academic performance.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of this
study:
To examine
the effect of housing conditions on students academic performance.
To examine
the condition of the housing units available to Nigerian students.
To determine
the factors affecting academic performance of students.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What is the
effect of housing conditions on student’s academic performance?
What is the
condition of the housing units available to Nigerian students?
What are the
factors affecting academic performance of students?
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
HO: There is no significance relationship
between housing conditions and student’s academic performance
HA: There is significance relationship between
housing conditions and student’s academic performance
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this
study:
The outcome
of this study will be useful to the general public and the government
authorities saddled with the responsibility of providing decent housing for
students in terms of assessment of the current situation with consideration for
its effect on academic performance.
This
research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers
interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if
applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study on the effect of housing conditions
on student’s academic performance will cover the present state of housing used
by students in Nigeria and its effect on their academic performance.
LIMITATION
OF STUDY
Financial
constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher
in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the
process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other
academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the
research work.
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