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ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIABLES AND STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Education
constitutes a formidable instrument for social mobilization in the society. It
places very high premium in the education of the young ones as the gateway to
cultural, social, political, economic and technological emancipation.
According to
Nigeria philosophy of education, education is viewed as a means of building a
free, just and egalitarian society, a land full of opportunities for all
citizens who are able to generate a great and dynamic economy and growing into
strong and self reliant nation. As a way of achieving these objectives, the
federal government and various state governments have allocated substantial
portion of their budgets every year to education. Also many state governments
had at one time or the other embarked on free education programme.
The Federal
Government in 1976 launched the Universal Primary Education (UPE). Although
some of these programmes have suffered several set-backs due to political
changes, it is still an indication of government interest in the education of
her citizens.
Some State
Government like Akwa Ibom State goes beyond, give direct financial assistance
to students in form of scholarships and bursaries, pay WASSE or NECO Examination
fees.
Despite
these concerted efforts by some of the governments at different levels, there
is therefore a public out-cry over the falling standard of education
particularly as observed in student’s poor academic performance in external
examinations which continue to be poor. A pertinent question to ask is whether
the standard of our education is really falling. There is therefore, the need
to answer these vital question by subjecting our education system to some sort
of evaluation. One way of doing this, is to look into the condition under which
our children learn including their various homes. The need to bring up children
in an environment which is rich, stimulating and motivating has attracted the
attention of many contemporary researchers. It has been an established fact
that there are three factors that affect the child’s learning. These factors
are the child himself, the teacher and the environment.
Environment
as defined by Bello (2004) is the aggregate of all the external condition and
influences that affect the life and development of an individual. An
environment is not just a void space or a vaccum without other elements. Cooper
(1977) postulated that environment means the total set of circumstances, that
surround an individual. In cooper’s presentation he classified environment as
physical and social. The physical environment consists of such elements as air,
water, landforms, climate etc while social aspects of the environment are
ethics, economics, a esthetics and others which crows together to affect the
behaviour of individuals.
In another
special classification, cooper further classified environment into the home
environment which is the environment into which the child is born and bred, and
the external environment which is the environment which the child must go into
or have contact within order for him to be an all round individual.
An
environment has a vital role to play in the life of the individuals. When
children are brought up in a particular environment, they are to be moulded or
shaped according to the factors operating in the particular environment.
Environmental psychologists such as John Hatson believed that given appropriate
environment a child could be make into anything.
Quality of
the school as well as that of the teacher is an important variables in
students’ academic performance. It is observed that some schools stand out
distinctive in terms of the quality teaching learning facilities, such school
have qualified teachers, well equipped standard laboratories, libraries,
furnished classrooms, instructional aids among others. Students who passed
through schools without the necessary learning resources may be negatively
affected in terms of their academics performance. Parental rearing style is
another major variable, because home environmental factors like parental
discipline, education, occupation among others determine the quality of
learning a child acquires. Eecles (1992) argues that since the primary
environment of the student is the home, it stands to reason that the impact
exerted by the parents or the home far out weigh and exceed that from other
factors. This supports the revelation by several researchers about the
tremendous impact of home environmental variables on school success. (Dempsey
2005; Reddings 2006). Maccoby (1980) stated that parents’ child rearing style
certainly have influence on their children’s behaviours and values. This affect
students’ academic performance in English.
School
location is another variable that may influence students’ academic performance
in English language. Just like any business enterprise which is affected by its
location, academic performance is found to be influenced by school location.
According in Nwoye(1984), Location that are disastrous to learning include
industrial towns with high population pressure; areas of the town with traffic
congestions, while isolated areas are relatively conducive to serious academic
pursuits. Situations are observed where students battle with noise pollution
due to the school nearness to busy daily markets.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Many people
are becoming worried by the poor performances of our children in their
certificate examinations like WASSCE, NECO, NABTEB as well as in Joint
Matriculation Examinations for entry into tertiary institutions. For example,
WAEC announced and described that 2015, May/June result as being generally
poor. This situation gives a cause for concern. It is known that environmental
variables can affect learners’ learning either positively or negatively. It is
also true that one’s academic achievement can be influenced by variables such
as: teachers’ quality, parenting style, school location, among others.
Some
students are sometime observed roaming the streets when they are supposed to be
in classes receiving lectures. In some remotely located schools some teachers
to school and go out at will because they feel the location of the school may
not easily attracts any school inspector to the school. Some schools without
qualified teachers are observed not being able to exposed their students to the
expected curriculum. These lapses may affect quality of learning by students.
It is against this background that the problem of this study is to determine
environmental variables and students’ academic performance in English Language
in Urue Offong/Oruko Local Government Area.
1.3 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of the study is to investigate environmental variables and students’
performance in English language in Urue Offong/Oruko Local Government Area of
Akwa Ibom State. Specifically, the objectives of the study is to examine the
influence of:
i. School
quality on students’ academic performance in English Language.
ii. Parental
rearing style and the academic performance of students in English language
iii. School
location and the students’ academic performance in English language.
1.4
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
This study
is significant in the sense that it is the first step to the amelioration of
students’ academic performance. If nothing is done to halt the increasingly
poor performance of our senior secondary school students, the realization of
the educational goal will be an illusion. To policy makers and planners of
educations, this research study will furnish a sound basis for curriculum
developers that addresses individuals differences in students with respect to
environmental variables. To counselors, it will yield a good basis for students
counseling on education and on placement and vocational choice. The teachers
will be guided to understand and appreciate the plight of students and adapt
teaching method to accommodate them. It will liberate, inspire and tune parents
to be aware of their influence on the language performance of the children.
To the
students self concept will be elevated and academic excellence enhanced. It is
envisaged that this research study will serve as a repository of information
for future researchers who may wish to research further into the same topic or
even closely related issues.
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
To guide the
study, the following research questions were posed.
1. How does
quality of schools influence student’s academic performance in English
language?
2. How does
parental rearing style influence student’s academic performance in English
language?
3. To what
extent does school location influence academic performance of students in
English language?
1.6 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESES
To guide the
study, the following hypotheses were formulated:
1. There is
no significant influence of school’s quality on student’s academic performance
in English language.
2. There is
no significant influence of parenting rearing style on students’ academic
performance in English language.
3. There is
no significant influence of school location on students academic performance in
English language.
1.7
ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY
The
following basic assumptions were made regarding the study:
1.
Environmental variables and students’ academic performance can be measured
using appropriate research instrument.
2. Parental
rearing style of students differ among students.
1.8
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The sample
was confined to the 2015/2016 SS2 senior secondary students in all the public
secondary schools in Urue Offong/Oruko Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom
State. This study was set to examine the environmental variables and students’
academic performance in English language in Urue Offong/Oruko Local Government
Area.
The study
was therefore delimited to the investigation of the quality of school; parental
rearing style and school location.
1.9
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The main
limitation in the study was the difficulty in getting the respondents’
attention to complete the questionnaire in time and to take the achievement
test, because of time frame. This problem was minimized with the assistance of
the class teachers.
1.10
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To enhance
proper understanding of this work, some terms were defined in the context of
this research as follows:
Environmental
variables: Are used in the study to refer to the students’ homes as they were
brought up by parents, the quality of schools attended by students in terms of
teacher quality, facilities and also the location of schools.
Academic
Performance: This is measured in the study through scores obtained by the
students in the researcher constructed English Language Achievement Test (EAT)
Parental
Rearing Style: This is used to measure parents attitude in bringing up their
children. Level of control of students’ behaviour be parents.
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