UTILIZATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES AND STUDENT'S PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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UTILIZATION
OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES AND STUDENT'S PERFORMANCE IN SOCIAL STUDIES IN
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
It is an
unquestionable educational fact that involving learners actively in their
learning experiences ensures that real experiences are retained longer than
conceptual experiences. Instruction resources add elements of reality by
providing actual examples to learning. Advances in technology have brought
instruction projected and resources, especially the projected and electronic
materials to the forefront as very radical tools of social development which
have influenced classroom teaching and learning situation positively. Such
technological breakthrough as networked, projected, visual electronic materials
are important landmarks in knowledge transfer. Therefore, teaching and learning
become very pleasant experiences.
Instructional
resources possess some inherent advantages that make them unique in Social
Studies teaching. Especially, they provide the teacher with interesting and
compelling platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to
want to learn more and to retain better what they been taught, they also
promotes and sustains students interest , However, by providing opportunities
for private study and reference, the learners’ interest and curiosity are
increasingly stimulated . This make the teacher achieve the objectives and
makes learning cleaner and easier for students by stimulating them and making
the environment very conductive. Furthermore, the teacher is assisted in
overcoming physical difficulties that could have hindered his effective
presentation of a given topic. They generally make teaching and teaching easier
and less stressful.
They are
equally indispensable catalysts of social and intellectual development of the
learners.
The
interactive nature of instructional resources makes the learner an active part
of the learning process. This is due when the instructional materials are
properly utilized to teaching, learning outcomes are enhanced. Instructional
resources are essential and vital factors in any teaching –learning process.
Verbalisation has been found to be inadequate for effective teaching. Hence
instructional resources serve as a channel through which messages. Information,
ideas and knowledge are disseminated easily. Instructional resources
facilitating teaching/learning activities. They are anything or anybody the
teacher turns to help in his learning process (Esu & Umoren 1998).
Effective
utilization of instructional resources requires a lot of creativity as well as
sound knowledge of the content. Bozimo (2002), observed that “there are ever
increasing numbers of audio and visual materials available to schools , that
teachers should take advantage of the opportunities to procure excellent film
and recordings covering a wide range of subject matters in Social Studies
curriculum“. Social Studies aims at enabling every school child to understand
peoples’ interaction with their culture, and physical environment , appreciate
home and heritage , develop skills and attitudes expected of citizens and learn
to express ideas in many ways (Jotia & Matlale 2011). To achieve the stated
purposes, the content of Social Studies must focus not only on making teacher
competent at the utilisation of instructional resources but must focus on
integration of concepts and orientation of all social science subjects and
humanities in the contents of the subject , and also promote strategies that
will enable the child to be centre of the education process. Moreover, emphasis
should be laid on the development of skills and attitudes, focusing on the
environment so as to connect the child with their communities and countries. In
order to make Social Studies teaching and learning by achieve set goals, be
meaningful and interesting, teachers need to employ a variety of instructional
resources and teaching methods. Furthermore, the child-centered approach should
be used so as to enable learners to redefine themselves as well as their own
world.
One issue in
the Social Studies teaching in Bayelsa in Sagbama Local Government Area in
particular is the level of utilization of instructional resources in teaching
and learning process . Active learning in Social Studies involves providing
opportunities for students to participate meaningfully by talking, listening ,
writing , an reading , reflecting , dramatizing , and drawing on the content,
ideas, issues and concerns of the subject , Unfortunately, many Social Studies
classrooms are dominated by a single medium and this is usually the printed
textbooks (Jimoh,2009). This forces teachers to cater for only those who have
textbooks at the expense of those who do not have.
Instructional
resources help the teacher to communicate particular kinds of learning. The
materials and resources include; audiotape; recorder, video tape recorders,
slide projectors, opaque projectors, overhead projectors, still pictures,
programmed instruction , filmstrips, chart, graphs and many others which offer
a variety of learning experiences. According, to Onyejemez (1991), there are
other types of instruction resources which include games, role-playing,
demonstrations, experiments, real life situation, real objects and specimens,
symbolic and pictorial representation. There are five senses used for learning,
these include; sense of smell, touch, sight , hearing and taste. These senses
are very important in the learning process. The more the numbers of senses are
used in learning the more learning takes place hence the importance of
instructional resources cannot be overemphasized.
Teaching to
be effective, the teacher must be adequately skilled in planning, design,
production, selection, and utilization of relevant instructional resources.
Therefore, efforts should be directed towards finding effective methods for
teaching the subject. There is no best approach to instruction. However, some
goals are better suited to teachers while others clearly need students-centered
approaches (Nsa, 2007). Teacher-centered approach is an instructional approach
where all the talking and the activity is done by the teacher while
student-centered approach is an instructional approach where the teacher
facilitates the learners to discover things for themselves.
Onweh
(2000), maintains that there might be no one method of teaching that could be
used to achieve the desired goal of education , Hence, utilization of
instructional resources becomes imperative as it contributes to the quality of
students learning . According to Effong (1999), to be an effective teacher, one
should not focus on only one strategy of teaching during instructional
delivery. A number of instructional resources should be utilized to assist
students to learn. Students learn both passively and actively, but benefit more
and quickly when different resources are utilized. However, research has also
proved the facilitative potentials of instructional resources in enhancing
students’ academic achievement and also enriching classroom instruction
(Afuwape, 2004).
According to
Olaitan & Ali (1997) a competent teacher is the one who has the knowledge,
skills, attitudes and judgment required for successful performance of teaching
which in return brings about students’ achievement and satisfaction. Effective
teaching demands that the teacher must possess some basic ability to organise ,
co-ordinate and utilise personal qualities and competency in lesson
preparation, selection, utilistion , presentation and evaluation . In addition,
he must be able to motivate the learners, use appropriate materials in and
around the class to promote and enhance efficiency and effectiveness in
instructions. It also call for a better teaching strategy that will provide the
learner with actual and real life experiences to exemplify and clarify more
meaningfully some of the basic principles and concepts . Hence , competent
teachers are needed to teach Social Studies . In view of the problem of
selection and utlisation of instructional resources for effectively teaching
Social Studies , this study was untaken to fill the existing gap by determining
utlization of instructional resources and students’ performance in Social
Studies in Sagbama Local Government Area, Bayalsa State.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
The primary
aim of teaching Social Studies is to assists the learners to develop the
ability to make reasonable decisions for the ability to make good decisions for
the enhancement of good citizenship behavior. Importantly as, Social Studies
is, students of Sagbama Local Government Area in Bayeslsa State tend to
continuously perform poorly in the subject as evidenced by Junior School
Certificate in the year 2008 , 2009. To confirm this, the Statistics Department
, Bayelsa State Ministry of Education in 2009 show that , a total of 1000
candidates from 4 secondary schools sat for Social Studies in JSCE : only 32
students had credit and above while others bad pass and failed.
Therefore,
this poor performance can be attributed to a number of factors, which include
students’ interest, capabilities and attitude towards the subject, the nature
of subject matter, poor learning environment.
It is
therefore, possible for students poor performance in Social Studies to be
associated with how teachers utlilize instructional resources in Social Studies
classrooms. However, this assertion needs empirical evidence hence the conduct
of this study.
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