POLITICAL
LEADERSHIP AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT
IN NIGERIA. (A STUDY OF BABANGIDA’S
ADMINISTRATION)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Approval
page ii Dedication iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Statement
of the problem 6
1.3 Purpose
of the study 7
1.4 Significance
of the study 8
1.5 Research
Questions 9
1.6 Scope
of the study 10
1.7 Limitation
of the study 10
1.8 Definition
of terms 12
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Historical Background 14
2.2 Character of the leadership 23
2.3 Structure of military government 36
2.4 Achievement of military government 37
2.5 Reason for military intervention 39
2.6 Process of return to civil rule 40
2.7 Summary of literature review 41
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research design and Methodology 44
3.1
Design of the study 44
3.2 Area of
the study 45
3.3 Population
of the study 45
3.4 Sample
size and sampling techniques 46
3.5 Instrument
for data collection 47
3.6 Reliability
and Validation of instrument 48
3.7
Distribution and retrieval of the instrument 48
3.8 Method of data analysis 49
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis 50
4.1 Data Presentation 50
4.2 Data Analysis 50
4.3 Discussion/Analysis of findings
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary
of finding, Conclusion and Recommendation 58
5.2 Conclusion 59
5.3 Recommendations
61
References 64
Appendix A 66
Appendix A 67
Questionnaire 69
ABSTRACT
A CURSORY
GLANCE AT THE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF NIGERIA WILL REVEAL THAT UNDERDEVELOPMENT
HAS PERSISTED IN SPITE OF INDEPENDENCE AND ABUNDANT RESOURCES AVAILABLE IN THE
CONTRARY. THE CARDINAL QUESTION IS WHY HAS NIGERIA NOT DEVELOPED GIVEN YEARS IN
INDEPENDENCE AND ABUNDANT HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES ESPECIALLY DURING GOWON
THROUGH BABANGIDA’S REGIME. THIS WORK EXAMINES UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
VIS-À-VIS POLITICAL LEADERS FOCUSING ON IBRAHIM BABANGIDA’S ADMINISTRATION.
CONSIDERING THE CRUCIAL POSITION OF LEADERSHIP IN ANY NATION. THE RESEARCHER
PERSISTS THAT THE PROBLEM OF NIGERIA UNDERDEVELOPMENT CANNOT BE UNDERSTOOD, OR
DEVELOPMENT ATTAINED WITHOUT A REDICAL CHANGE IN THE PARASITIC AND EXPLOITATIVE
CHARACTER OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN NIGERIA. THE PERSISTENCE OF
UNDERDEVELOPMENT CAN BE ATTRIBUTE TO THE CHARACTER OF NIGERIA POLITICAL LEADS.
THE SOLUTION OF WHICH IS BY IMPLEMENTATION OF DIFFERENT KIND OF
UNDERDEVELOPMENT, THE RESEARCHER ALSO FOCUSED ON THE BABANGIDA’S
ADMINISTRATION. 210 WHICH IS 20% OF TOTAL POPULATION OF 240 COPIES WAS USED.
DATA COLLECTED USING QUESTIONNAIRE AND THE ANALYSIS OF DATA WAS DONE BY THE USE
OF SIMPLE PERCENTAGE. THE FINDINGS PROVED THAT BABANGIDA’S ADMINISTRATION WERE
NOT PROPERLY MOTIVATED AND UNDERSTOOD THE POLITICAL LEADERSHIP.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This work examines underdevelopment in
Juxtaposi with political leadership focusing on general Ibrahim Babangida’s
administration with a view to x-raying the impact of political leadership in
the underdevelopment of Nigeria.
This project will be centered on two
variable underdevelopment and political leadership, underdevelopment as used in
this project does not imply absence of development but as uncomparative term as
a means of comparing levels of development (Ofiong 1980:10). According to Aja
Akpaura (1998:48) under-development means: a relative condition in which a
society lacks autonomous capacity to control and mobilize socio-economic
formation for a sustainable economic growth and development necessary to effect
physical mental, material and technological fulfillment without dependence on
external stimuli.
Abali (2001:30), in his scholastic
ingenuity view under-development as a situation in which the institution of a
country in the periphery of international capitalism dependent relations with
other countries at the centre of the internal economy. It is the subsidization
of internal economy and political forces from the centre.
Underdevelopment
implies lack of autonomy and its meaning characterized by poverty by some
scholars for a country to be underdeveloped means that the economic potentials
of the country or regime has not been fully develop. Desire for independent were socio-economically
underdeveloped, because of imperial documentation and
control of our governmental, economic and which by implication means
expectation that we would become develop with independent (AKA 1981:88). Before
the arrival of Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida’s administration Nigeria has witness
five military government and one civilian government which is Alhaji Shehu
Shagari’s government. Babangida’s administration came as a result of when he
overthrown the government of Major Gen, Mohammed Buhari on 27th
August 1985. This young man assume office without wasting time he adopted the
title “President” instead of the usual head of state, when Babangida ushered
in as a president of Nigeria people
thought that the Messiah the need has come not knowing that the administration
will record little or no achievement. The researcher is not trying to say that
Babangida’s government did not record any achievement so far, but for we to
evaluate the long stay of this very government you discover that the people of
the country witnessed more underdeveloped period than development. Because
Babangida assumed office as the 6th military head of state on 27th
August 1985 stepped aside 29th August 1993.
The reason why the researcher is trying
to use Babangida’s administration in Nigeria because this administration neglected the agricultural
sector
which
was the main stay of our economy and faced the (oil well). Babangida’s
administration usher in and forget what was her mission and face the so called
oil, Babangida accused the former government of negligence in agricultural
section detaining politician news men and women whom criticize the government and not creation of job
opportunities to the people of the country. So this administration came and
forgets what brought him to seat and face the money from oil. Babangida’s
administrations leave the country to poor socio-economic development and left
the masses in an untold hardship, frustration and anger. Irrespective of long
stay on seat as the president. His
deceptive attempts to hand over power from 1990 to 1992 and then 1993, He was
forced to step aside. Then failure to hand over to chief MKO Abiola these was
seen as an abuse of people’s mandate.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The
Nigeria
nation is beclouded by the menace of under-development. This has resulted to
economic hardship and social miscarriages on the citizenry. “Nigeria are
having rough time, there is uncontrollable inflation, there is retrenchment,
unemployment, factory closure caused by drastic deform in investment and
divestments. Moreso, there is a sharp decline in the purchasing power and value
of the naira, coupes of social service, low capacity utilization of industries
and jobs security Nigerians are leaving below poverty line. Nigeria’s
position as an under-developed nation has not changed even with flow of money
from oil (Ikejani Clark 1995:132)
The above have become a bone of
contention. The researcher hence intends to find out why under-development has
persisted so many years after un-dependence in the presence of abundant human
and material resources available to the government. Also with standing that Nigeria has
series of leaders and leadership positions both civilian.
1.3 PURPOSE OF STUDY
i. To
examine the ways political leadership contributed to the under-development of
Nigeria amidst the abundant natural and human resources available.
ii. To
ascertain if there is any way underdevelopment would be ameliorated considering
the Nigerian situation presently.
iii. To
find out the problems militating against the leadership in Nigeria in their
efforts to shun the underdevelopment which is in its persistence.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The
researcher through this project intends to put forwards the contribution of
political leadership to the under-development of Nigeria. It stands to prove the
importance and the indispensable of the political leadership on proffering
solution to under-development of Nigeria. It will then equip us with the
machinery of taking these short comings and providing solutions to its
problems.
The
relevance of this study will not be over-emphasized as it serves as a tools for
further researches and students of this field.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Having
seen that there is no way the under-development of Nigeria will be discussed or
viewed without taking cognizance or understanding the issue of political leadership
which is one of the distracting factors in the system. The researcher haven
divide into this is now posing the following questions.
1.
In what way has the political
leadership contributed to the under-development of Nigeria amidst the abundant
natural and human resources available?
2.
Is there any way under-development
could be ameliorated considering the Nigeria situation presently?
3.
What are the problems militating
against the leadership in Nigerian in their efforts to curb the
under-development which is in its persistence.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Any
study or problems embark on is targeted on giving or extracting information
from a particular environment and administration.
This study is expected, if handled well
to cover the administrative apparatus or Babangida’s administration and over
view of underdevelopment and political leadership. Not all the administration
will be covered to have a focus of our study.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
For
effective and efficient exploration of any course there must be potentials set
back. If the course of carrying out the study the researcher was faced with a
lot limitations. The identifiable ones are as follows; TIME: Time is one of the limitation in the study of this work.
In the first place, as this research work
was carried out at student’s level the researcher has to apportion his time
such that the demand for other courses could be met.
Availability of research materials,
there was no sufficient materials in the library to bring up facts, that will
be useful in the course of the study. Again the library accommodation was so
small that it only contains few students.
COST:
The cost of transportation was one of
the impediments. It was not of place you know about it that transporting myself
from one location to another in a bid to collecting materials for the project
was one of the hindrance and limitation.
RESPONDENTS:
The respondent did not help matters at
the initial stage, my respondent were afraid to fill the questionnaire items.
It becomes a difficult task for the researcher to convince them with enough
reasons why it is necessary for them to fill in the gaps.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Scholastic:
It’s connected with schools and education
Characterized:
To describe or show the qualities or features of some thing.
Administration:
The activities that are done in order to plan, organize and run a business
school or other institution.
Oil Well:
A hole made in the ground to obtain oil.
Socio-Economic:
This is the use of economics in the study of the society.
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