EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF PARENTS ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED FIVE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
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EFFECT OF
EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF PARENTS ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN SELECTED FIVE
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
The study
examined the Effect of educational status of parents on students academic
performance in selected five senior secondary schools in Oshodi local
government are of Lagos state Also, this study reviewed some relevant and
related literatures under sub-headings. The descriptive research survey was
applied in this study for the assessment of the opinions of the selected
respondents for this study, with the use of the questionnaire and the sampling
technique. A total of 80 (n=80) respondents were sampled for this study. Five
null hypotheses were formulated and tested, with the application of the t-test
and Pearson Product Moment Correlation tools at 0.05 level of significance.
Some of the research hypotheses that were formulated and tested are as follows:
parental educational background does not have a significant effect on
children’s academic performance; children of parents from high educational
background will not significantly perform better than those from parents with
low educational background.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
to the Study
There have
been several studies done within and outside Nigeria on the effects of home
environment as well as the socio-economic status of parents on the academic
achievement of students (Ajila &
Olutola, 2007; Uwaifo, 2012). Research has found many factors that
influence how well a student does in school and the amount of confidence the
students have for themselves. However, in Nigeria, like other growing
economies, families are finding it more difficult to stay connected with their
children’s education. This is most common to families living in mega cities
such as Lagos where both parents work outside of the home Carmen, (2007) noted
that the extended family has become significantly less extended as mobility has
increased. Parents are becoming isolated from their children and finding it
difficult to keep a careful watch on what needs to be done to help them succeed
in school. Many families are not even led by a parent, but by a grandparent,
guardian, or some other adult.
With the
changes in family life and indeed in societal makeup, schools are now finding
it increasingly difficult to keep parents informed of and actively engaged in
the day-to-day progress of their children (Deslandes & Bertrand, 2005).
Teachers and administrators are discovering that the support they once received
in getting students to do their homework is not there, because the parents are
not home to insist that students complete their assignments.
It must be
noted that while there are so many factors influencing the ability of students
to progress academically, Ozmert (2005) emphasized the importance of
environmental influence as a major factor in the development of student’s
academic performance. The educational background of the parents’, however is
the most important factor that affects the student’s academic performance. In
view of this, Hussain (2006) noted that secondary school students in public
schools often come from economically poor and average income families. These
families face various problems causing emotional disturbance among their
children. They have poor academic performance. This singular factor shows how
important the family is to academic achievement of students in secondary
schools as well as the centrality of parents to the academic performance of
students.
According to
Ndubuisi (2005) there is a positive correlation between parental attitude and
children's social orientation and academic achievement. Ndubuisi is of the
opinion that parents' dimensions of value placement on their children's
well-being or otherwise, significantly affects the child's positive or negative
adaptation to his/her society and even the way he/she carry out his/her may academic work in school.
Many factors
contribute directly or indirectly to the educational development of a child
both within and outside the school system. These factors stem from either
heredity or environment. Many psychologists such as Freud and Adler now
de-emphasize the significant role of heredity in the total development of the
child while underlining the prominence of the environment. Craft et al (2002),
made some contributions to the understanding of the relationship between the
child's home background and his academic performance in school. A child is the
product and reflection of the society. While the school runs the formal
education system, the home provides formal and in formal educational
experiences.
Many
psychologists have advocated that the immediate environment (Home) should be
made quite stimulating so as to enhance the development of a child's intellect
and good academic performance. According to Locke (1970) we are like a clean
slate at birth and that the environmental influences determine what fills the
vacuum.
This is what
he referred to as "Tabula Rasa". In other words, whatever we
inherited from our parents may be enhanced or dampened by the kind of
environment we live in ..
In some
situations, parents adopt care free attitude towards the learning of their
children, even their social orientation, and this has in many instances, caused
the low academic performance of children even their maladaptive behaviours in
their immediate society (Rake, 1999).
The quality
of students' performance remains at the top priority for educators. The
variables affecting students academic performances are both inside and outside
the school. There are a number of factors that affect students' performance
like parental parent's education and their involvement in child's studies,
student's gender, time allocation, technology, available facilities and lots
more.
Studies
carried out by Mudock and Mudock (2004), show that the first six years of a
child are very important because whatever goes wrong at this stage will have
long lasting effect on the child when he grows up. It is during this early
period that the personal characteristics and mental health of the child are
established. The child learns how to love and be loved and how to cope with
sibling rivalry. Also, it is at this time that the child develops feelings of
hostility and aggression if the environment is not conducive. This early
socialization process is important because it helps a child adjust to places
outside his home.
Psychologists
and sociologists like Jersild (2005) and Hurlock (2006), believe that if solid
foundations are not laid for the acquisition of basic skill when the child is
young, learning becomes a problem later in life as it is often unsuccessful.
This should involve parents monitoring efforts to accountability and acting as
advisors in school improvement efforts. This may be achieved by having parents
serve on standing and ad-hoc special committees and boards of the school such
as special events committee, disciplinary committee and governing board. This
way, parents get firsthand knowledge of the needs and problems of the school
and work co-operatively with the school in resolving them (Aloe, 2006). When
parents possess the necessary knowledge and skills relevant to the school
curriculum such parents may serve as information sources, the audience for
school academic activities and/or class assistants. There also seems to be
ample evidence to suggest that parental involvement in home work and assignments
may improve children's performance in school.
Parental
positive and co-operative attitude towards the development of the school has
been found to influence positively on children's learning outcomes in school.
Such parental behaviours are reflected in good attendance at PT A meetings,
sending children to school on time, fees are paid on time, children are made to
complete homework on time and parents visit the school regularly to monitor the
progress of their children. Teachers have a remarkably difficult job and will
appreciate anyone who supports them and acknowledges their work.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
The idea
that good educational qualification of parents translates directly to good
academic achievement and poor parental educational qualification translate
to poor academics for children to be a general consensus . This study
hereby seeks to find out from teachers their perception of parental educational
qualification and children academic achievement
The problem
of low socio-economic status and low educational status among parents, and its
attendant effect on the academic performance of students cannot be
overemphasized. Most parents in Nigeria today are poor, uneducated, and
majority of them are unemployed (Jimoh, 2006). This can be linked to poor
economic situation in the country and the world economic recession. As a
result, parents lack the wherewithal to maintain themselves and their children
(Jimoh, 2006). Most Nigerian parents fail in their duties to send their
children to school. Many of them whose children are in school, do not take
adequate care of them because they lack the financial power to carry or foot
their children's school bills. This has caused many children whose parents are
poor and not educated to constantly absent themselves from school, while
majority of the children have finally dropped out of school. These parents do
not purchase relevant books for their children or foot other school expenses
for the child (Jimoh, 2006).
Not only
that the children of the poor are not properly cared for. For instance,
children whose parents are not rich do not feed well before and after school.
Thus most of them go to school in an empty stomach, and while in school, they
do not pay attention to what is going on in the classroom. A child needs proper
feeding to complement cognition, but children of the poor and uneducated do not
feed adequately not to talk of balanced diet. For lack of money, children whose
parents are poor and uneducated are meant to live in an unfriendly environment where
they are incapable of reading freely and the materials to study are not
available for them to carry out meaningful academic work. As a result of these,
the children record poor academic performance at school. The above problems
therefore, necessitated this study.
1.4Theoretical
of Problem
This work is
underpinned under Bradley Wright theory of social causation and social
selection. This theory advances that human beings who possess some certain
characteristics may have the tendency to perform better in some certain areas
due to their possession. In this wise, it becomes clear that having literate
parents may be the reason why some children will perform better than children
of the illiterate. If parents exhibit positive values in terms of providing for
their children's education, such children who are well catered for, will no
doubt, be high academic achievers, while those whose parents place negative
values on their education will grow up to be low achievers in their educational
career. This will equally show in their poor social adjustment to the larger
community. (Uzomah, 2006).
Startup
(1992) defined social class as a level in society made up of people who
consider themselves equals due to similarities in educational background, level
of education, occupation race an attitudes towards social values. Researchers
such as Mundi and Arnold (1999) have revealed that there is a close
relationship between the educational and socio-economic status of parents and
academic performance of their children. Afred (2004), also supported the fact
that socio-economic status of the family influences the academic performance of
the child in school and that there are several ways in which extreme poverty
exert influence on school performance. Malnutrition and poor living conditions
are bound to have an influence on the health of the child and his ability to
learn. Poor housing and overcrowding cannot only impede on the child's ability
to complete home-work but even his ability for reading or engaging in
constructive play.
Studies have
also confirmed that the higher the income level of the parents, the greater the
ability to finance the children's education and vice versa especially in
Nigeria where the ability to buy educational materials depends on one's income.
According to Fraser (1993), there is correlation between income and good
student performance. According to her, the standard of living is dependent on
income, the nutritional state of a child and possibly also the sense of tension
and insecurity in a family living on the brink of poverty may all contribute to
the poor performance of the child.
Stone
(2005), is also of the opinion that children from poor homes are likely to show
to a great extent the effects of under-nourishment, illness' and lack of sleep.
She went further to state that there is likely to be negative attitude to
school which manifests itself in truancy thereby lowering the academic
achievement.
Swell and
Hauser (1996), found out that youths whose parents enjoy more prestigious
positions perform better than those whose parents occupy low socio-economic
status. They do everything possible to cater for their children.
1.4 Purpose of the Study
The main
purpose of this study was to examine the effect of educational status of
parents on student academic performance in five selected senior secondary
schools in Oshodi Local Government Area of Lagos State.
The specific
objectives of the study included:
i. To examine the effect of parental
educational background on children performance
ii. To ascertain whether education of
children from high educational background will perform better than those from
low educational background
1.5 Research Questions
The
following research questions were raised for this study:
i. What is the effect of parent’s
educational background on children academic
performance?
ii. Will children of parents with high
educational background perform better than those with low educational
background?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
The
following research hypotheses were formulated to guide this study.
H01: Parental educational background does not have
a significant effect on children’s academic
performance
H02: Children of parents from with high
educational background will not significantly
perform better than those from parents
with low educational background.
1. 7 Significance of the Study
This study
will be of great benefit to the various segments of individuals and group of
individuals in the society. For instance
(1) The students will benefit from this study
because its findings and recommendations will help them to appreciate that they
need parental care and positive values for them to be successful in school and
society at large. It will make the students to be more adaptive to parental
control and care.
(2) Parents would also benefit from this study
because it will enable them to be up and doing in the upbringing of their
children if they want them to be successful in academic and in life. This study
will enlighten parents on the best methods of bringing up a child in the home.
(3) Teachers would be beneficiaries of this
study because; it will enable them to be more enlightened on how best to train
their children in the home and at school, as surrogate parents.
(4) The society will undoubtedly, benefit from
this study because it will enable the adult members of the society to learn
that parental value system has something to do with the child's behaviour and
his/her academic success in the school.
1.8 Scope of the Study
The study
examined the effect of socio-economic status of parents on student academic
performance in five selected senior secondary schools in Oshodi Local
Government Area of Lagos State.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Operational
definitions of terms were appropriately provided in this study. Virtually, all
the variables in the study were defined accordingly.
Academic
Performance: This refers to the level or rate at which students in school
perform in their academic career. It also shows the level at which students
carry out their school works at a given period of time and the result of it.
Educational
Status: This term is used for social processes in which one achieve social
competence and individual growth, carried on in a selected, controlled sitting
which can be institutionalized as a school or college.
Educational
Upbringing: This refers to education of children and how they perform in
academics when subjected to test or examination.
Effects:
Isthe result or outcome of anything be it positive or negative.
Home
Environment: This refers to parental experience and aspirations for children,
objects and material conditions in the home for comfort and also specific
behavioral processes conducive to learning.
Low
Educational Status: Refers to little or no academic background of parents.
High
Educational Status: Simply means parents who have quality education.
Occupational
Status: Person's trade, vocation or principal means of earning living.
Parental
Attitude: Parents disposition to respond in a characteristics way to some
stimulus in their social environment. Some responses determine the way and
manner their children are brought up by them.
Parents:
This means father, mother or ancestors e.g. our first parents (Adam and Eve).
Socio-Economic
Status: This refers to the level of social stratification of individuals in a
given society. It is the socio-economic distinction amongst members of the
society.
Students:
This means a person who is studying at a college, polytechnic or university;
boy or girl attending schools; anyone who studies or who is devoted to the
acquisition of knowledge.
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