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EFFECT OF
PRACTICAL ON THE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
The study
examined Effect of Practical on the Secondary School Students Academic
Performance in Biology in Lagos State Descriptive research survey design was
adopted in assessing the opinions of the respondents with the use of
questionnaire. One Hundred and Sixty respondents were used as the
representatives of the entire population of the study. A total of four null hypotheses were
formulated in this study and tested with the use of descriptive and inferential
statistics. Descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages was used to
analyse demographic variables. At the end of the data analyses, the findings
that emerged are as follows: there is significant influence of Biology
practical on students’ performance in Science subjects, there is significant
influence of availability of materials on students’ academic performance in
Biology, there is significant influence of teacher improvisation of materials
on students’ academic performance and there is significant gender difference in
Biology practical work and students’ academic performance in Biology. Based on
the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made: biology
teachers should always adopt stimulating methods to stimulate students’
interest and positive feelings towards the biology practical, biology teachers
should ensure that during biology practical lessons, they: encourage students’
participation and collaboration, provide help/clarification to students,
provide direction to the students, encourage supportive relationships among
teachers and students, biology teachers should be helped through seminars,
mentoring, conferences, support supervision, and journal publications, to
acquire a range of skills for effective classroom interaction in biology,
ministries of education, Science teachers Association of Nigeria and the State
Orientation Agencies should intensify campaigns and jingles to change students’
negative feeling towards biology, and emphasize the value of biology and
government should provide schools with high quality science instructional
materials. Teaching with instructional materials is likely to improve biology
teachers’ classroom interactions.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
According to
Oxford Advance Learners dictionary (2001), “impact” means
(1) A change
produced by an action or cause a result or an outcome. (2) An act of one object
hitting another or noticeable effect (3) An impression created in the mind of a
spectator, reader etc while watching a play, listening to music or looking at a painting, impact as used in this
research topic can then be defined as a positive change produced by an action,
a described outcome or a result.
A Laboratory
is experienced as a well-equipped room for scientific experimentation (Opera
mini Dictionary 2007). Whereas the
oxford Dictionary (2000), defined laboratory as a building used for scientific
research.
The word”
Practical” means connection with real situation rather than with ideas or
theories (oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 2001). Similarly, Opera mini
Dictionary (2008), Defined practical as knowledge acquired through practical or
action rather than theory. Opuh, Eze and Ezemagu (2008), explained practical as
a scientific study or an experimental set-up rather than dwelling in the theory
and ideas on the introduction to the international senior secondary School
certificate examination syllabus. West African Examination council (1998-2003)
emphasized the necessity of practicals in learning science courses. (Under
study in secondary schools)
The Syllabus
was designed to assess students in,
(1)
Acquisition of adequate laboratory and field skill in laboratory practical
(2)
Acquisition of important scientific skills, such as observation, stating of
problems in the science subjects under study, great importance should be
attached to experimental work and that whenever there is need for practical on
any science course under study, students should be properly informed, get
involved and they should apply it to what they are studying.
The national
policy on education (2004), Defined secondary school or secondary education as
the education received after primary education and before the tertiary stage.
According to the post primary School management Board (PPSMB) Statistical
records (2009) there are nine Government Secondary School in Lagos North Local
Government Area.
Academic
connected with education especially studying in school (oxford Dictionary
2000). According to the oxford advanced learners dictionary (2001) “achievement
is defined as a thing that somebody has done successfully especially using
his/her own effort and skill, web site Opera mini Dictionary (2008) defined
academic achievement as something one
does or achieve at school, college or university, in a laboratory class or
field work.
From the
foregoing, the academic achievement of student depends on the effect of
laboratory practical. By providing student with practical laboratory lesson
that are academically stimulating, student are more likely to engage
meaningfully with tasks and subsequently may achieve higher in assessment
grades (Karen et al 2009). Opuh, Eze and Ezemagu (2008), Observed in line with
Addeye that “Schools which are involved in practical classes perform better in
examination than those that neglect practical work’. In a nutshell, it can be
understood that Biology, Biology, and mathematics practical have a positive
effect on academic performance of student in ss2.
Okolo
(2008), Defined science as the study of natural things around us which simply
means the investigation of nature. Biology being a branch of science involves
the study of living things (sarogini 2001). This can be proven with its
following usefulness;
(i) It helps
scientific research and development of new tools and techniques which
invariably improve the quality of our lives.
(ii) Finding
application in medicine, agriculture, veterinary science and horticulture.
(iii)
Biotechnology, which include field, like genetic engineering and hybridism
technology.
(iv) Dealing
with ecology problems such as overpopulation, food storage, erosion etc the
study of Biology has a lot impact of reference to the building of the nation
for example,
(i) the use
of animal in scientific research had solved many family problems, childlessness
by production of test tube babies.
(ii). It
also stimulate our interest in the lives of living organisms and increased the
enjoyment of our surroundings etc (Okolo, 2008).
The report
attributed candidate weakness under the following sub-heading (i) Poor spelling
(ii) Poor mathematical skills (iii) Poor dedication reasoning
(iv) Poor
observation (v) Misinterpretation of question and (vi) poor knowledge of
biology, Biology and mathematics.
The examiner
lamented that “there were many candidates who could not answer correctly a
single question in section A in most cases, they have mild guesses and quite unrelated answer that were sometimes unscientific
based on the poor academic achievement, Obidiwe (2005), stated that the
objectives of laboratory practical are not being realized to a satisfactory
extent. He pointed out that the poor academic achievement are caused by lack of
well equipped laboratory, lack of qualified teachers, limited time table hours, poor observation, poor clearing
and poor comparison of specimen etc. This poor state of affairs is disturbing.
1.2 Statement of Problem.
In spite of
the age long fear and of effects on the science, researchers had done little or
nothing on the effect of Biology practical work and science process skills on
senior secondary school students’ performance in Biology. Hence basic problem(s) like lack of proper
understanding of certain biology phenomena remains unresolved.
Furthermore,
ill equipped laboratories with fewer instructional materials in our schools is
worthy of note. This is not helped with
the fact that many biology practical instructors were neither trained nor were
they graduates of Biology Education.
This study therefore intends to examine the effect of practical on the
secondary school students’ academic performance in Biology in Lagos.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose
of this study is to examine the effect of biology practical on the secondary
school students academic performance in biology
Specifically,
this study shall:
1. To ascertain the extent to which
Biology practical work will influence students’ performance in Science
subjects.
2. To ascertain the extent of
availability of materials for Biology practical.
3. To ascertain the extent Biology
teacher improvisation of materials.
4. To ascertain the gender difference
in students’ academic performance and Biology practical work
1.4 Research Questions
The
following research questions are extracts from purpose of study:
1. To what extent will practical work influence
students’ performance in Biology?
2. To what extent is the availability of
materials for Biology practical?
3. To what extent does Biology teacher
improvise for materials?
4. To what extent will gender difference in
practical work influence students’ academic performance in Biology?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The
following null research hypotheses (Ho) are derive from purpose of study:
1. There is no significant influence of
Biology practical on students’ performance in Science subjects.
2. There is no significant influence of
availability of materials on students’ academic performance in Biology.
3. There is no significant influence of
teacher improvisation of materials on students’ academic performance
4. There is no significant gender difference in
Biology practical work and students’ academic performance in Biology.
1.6Significance
of the Study
The
significance of this study would be of importance towards the use of Biology practical work and students performance and science
process skills. This study is significant in that its findings are useful for:
- Contributing to the
students practical knowledge and skills for their general education.
- Helping students develop
the ability to apply the use of science Biology in their theory and practical.
- Helping students develop
an awareness of their place in the science and technology world.
- It is a discipline, which
is a rational basis for making Biology decision.
Policy
makers in the provision of effective Science curriculum and materials necessary
for proper implementation of the school curriculum at the secondary school
level.
Principals/managers
of secondary schools in order to design good Science curriculum for students’
good academic performance.
Educating
the institutional administrators/managers in both public and private secondary
schools on effective Science subjects.
Educating
the principals/managers in both public and private secondary schools on impact
of Biology practical work on students performance and Biology process skills.
This
research will help the Science teachers and students by providing them with
information about some environmental factors that will improve their
effectiveness of teaching and learning of Science subjects.
This
research will also provide the curriculum developers and state ministries of
education with some criteria before recommending textbooks and developing
Science curriculum for teachers and students.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study
is delimited to effect of practical on the secondary school students academic
performance in biology: A case study of Yaba local government area of Lagos
State. The targeted schools are the senior secondary schools in Lagos Local
Government Area of Lagos State. The scope is also delimited on SS2 biology
student and their practical achievement. The contents of SS1, 2 & 3 biology
scheme of work are Excretion, Reproduction and Digestion while those of Biology
are separation technique and titration.
1.8 Definition of Terms
(STS):
Science and technology studies
Influencing:
The ability to have the power to affect something in a given way.
Laboratory: A room used by students and teachers for the
study of any branch of science for
example Biology through experimentation and
observation.
Local
Education Districts: This refers to educational bodies responsible for the
administration of schools in their areas of jurisdiction.
Poor
performance: This is the low quality of result of an action or things done or
the inability to meet the stated objectives.
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