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ATTITUDE OF
UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS TOWARDS HIV VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Joint
United Nations program on HIV/AIDS estimates that currently, there are 39.4
million people living with HIV worldwide, with 4.9 million new cases of HIV
infection in the year and 3.1 million deaths due to .AIDS. Of the approximately
40 million people afflicted with HIV/AIDS worldwide, the top threelocations are
in nations of sub-Saharan Africa, with 25.4 million, cases, .followed by 9.6
million combined cases in nations of Asia Eastern Europe and 1 million cases in
North America. A joint report on the AIDS pandemic by .UNAIDS and the WHO
pointed to steep increases in HIV inflections in East Asia Eastern Europe and
Central Asia between 2002-2004.
Many World
health bodies since the discovery of HIV / AIDS ·have been reporting
frightening increases in the prevalence rates - the virus and syndrome,
particularly between adolescent and youths. Half of the newly HIV
infectedpersons are about 15,000. 6,000 per day and they are aged 15-,29
largely adolescents under which undergraduates' falls. This alarming rate of
spread of HIV/ AIDS also includes Nigeria, where about 5.4% of adults (ages
15-49) are living with HIV / AIDS.
University
of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria of about 35,000 populations with 100 different
cultures and ethnic backgrounds. Student life in University of Lagos is very
active and dynamic and since these students are youths therefore, it is a
common thing to find them with common interests which can lead to best of times
or worst of times or atime of marvelous new birth as a result of the friendship
tie that are formed between boys and girls and that are often centered around
sex.
HIV
voluntary testing is a process whereby an individual willingly accept to go for
a HIV test and before the test is conducted, he or she is counseled, the
counseling is aimed at enabling the client to cope with stress and take
personal decision relating to HIV/AIDS. The counseling is provided to prevent
further transmission of HIV and provide psychosocial support to those infected.
After the counseling, HIV antibody test is conducted to identify the presence
of antibodies to HIV in the blood and afterwards a ·post - test counseling is
carried out which will depend on the test result.
Research
evidence show that undergraduate attitude towards HIV voluntary testing is a very
important factor in knowing the HIV status of the population of a nation like
Nigeria who is named among those countries where levels of knowledge of safe
sex and HIV remain low. For instance, student who cultivate negative attitude
towards voluntary testing are pure evidence that their perception about
HIV/AIDS IS very poor therefore, there is the need for intense advocacy for
voluntary counseling and testing and all undergraduates should endeavour to
willingly go for voluntary HIV· test which will held in curbing the increasing
number of HIV transmission.
In the
present circumstance. of this scourge of HIV/AIDS, voluntary counseling and
testing is paramount and this is urgently needed, especially by the
undergraduates who are seen as a vulnerable group and who are constantly
influenced by the environment in which they live, particularly among their
peers. Hence; there is the need for this research work to determine the
attitude of undergraduates of the University of Lagos towards HIV voluntary
testing.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The issue of
increasing' number of HIV infections and AIDS have become a global debate,
since the discovery of this killer virus reports have shown' the frightening
increase in the prevalence rates of the virus and. syndrome, particularly among
adolescent and youths. This alarming rate of spread of HIV infections and AIDS
also includes country like Nigeria where 5.4% of adults (ages 15-49) are living
with the HIV infection and AIDS.
Therefore,
the study is conceived to gain insight into the attitude of undergraduates of
University of Lagos towards HIV voluntary testing. It will try to find answers
to the following:
1. Will students of University
of Lagos be knowledgeable able voluntary counseling and testing?
2. Will students of University
of Lagos consider VCT as useful in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS?
3. Will students of University
of Lagos know where to access VCT Centres?
4. Will students of University
of Lagos know their HIV status?
1.3 PURPOSE
OF STUDY .
The major
purpose of this study will be to:
1. Find out whether the attitude
of undergraduates towards HIV voluntary testing will be positive.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Since
knowledge breeds action and informed response then, there is the need to inform
undergraduates of University of Lagos the need for HIV voluntary testing which
will make them to know their HIV status and when this is known they are at the
epicenter of preventing the progression of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
The result
of this research will provide undergraduates the opportunities of awareness on
safer options, maintain safer sexual and drug- related behaviours.
It will also
provide an opportunity to further reduce the spread, burden and stigma of
HIV/AIDS.
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
i.
Will the student of University of Lagos want to go for HIV voluntary
test?
ii.
Will the student of University of Lagos accept the fact that VCT helps
in curbing HIV transmission?
iii. Will the student of University of Lagos be
able to name
two VCT Centres?
iv.
Will the student. of University of Lagos know their HIV status
1.6
HYPOTHESES
1. Students
In University of- Lagos will not be knowledgeable about HIV Voluntary
Counseling and testing.
2. Students in University of Lagos will not know
their HIV status.
3. Students In University of Lagos will not
consider HIV voluntary counselingand testing useful in preventing the spread of
HIV
4. Students in University of Lagos will not be
aware of facilities offering HIV voluntary counseling and testing.
1.7 DELIMITATION
The study
was delimited to only undergraduates of University of Lagos from two faculties
namely:-
a. Education
b. Social Sciences
1.8
LIMITATION
The major
constraint In the course of study Was that of fatigue experienced by the
researcher and the administration of questionnaires, as most of the respondents
were not ready to sit and tick any questionnaire, most of the respondents were
afraid to answer questions on HIV / AIDS.
The
collection and coalition of data really proven difficulty due to the nature of
research and subject used.
1.3
DEFINITION OF TERMS
AIDS: Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
VIRUS: The smallest of the microorganisms that causes diseases.
ENDEMIC: An endemic disease is always present in
a particular place.
PREVALENT: Common at a particular time or in a particular place
PANDEMIC: A disease that affects the population of
a large area.
IMMUNE
SYSTEM: The system by which your body protects itself against disease.
INTRAVENOUS: An injection that is done into a vein.
CIRCUMCISION: The act of cutting off the
skin at the end of the penis (male] the Clitoris (female).
SCARIFICATION: The making of small cuts on an area of skin using a sharp knife.
VCT: Voluntary Counseling and
Testing.
SPECIFICITY: Of a HIV test is the percentage of HIV
negative cases that are correctly identified as negative by the test.
SENSITIVITY: Of a HIV test is the percentage of HIV
positive cases that are correctly identified as positive by the test.
FHI: Family Health International
SWAAN:- Society for Women And Aids In Africa
Nigeria Chapter.
STIs: Sexual Transmitted
Infections
PLWHA: People Living with HIV/AIDS
ARV:- Antiretroviral Drug
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