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EFFECT OF
FORMAL EDUCATION ON NIGERIAN WOMEN’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS FAMILY PLANNING
ABSTRACT
The study attempted to investigate the effect
formal education on Nigerian women's attitude towards family planning. The
study also reviewed relevant and extensive literature under sub-headings. The
descriptive research survey design was employed in this study in order to
assess the opinions of the respondents with the application of questionnaire
and the sampling technique. A total of 160 (one hundred and sixty) respondents
were selected as samples representing the entire population of the study. Four
null hypotheses were formulated and tested in this study using the Pearson
Product Moment Correlation and the independent t-test statistical tools at 0.05
level of significance. At the end of the analyses, the following results were
obtained: 1.Hypothesis one revealed that adult educational programmes will
significantly influence family planning among couples. 2.Hypothesis two found
that the socio-economic status of couples will have significant effect on their
level of family planning. 3.Hypothesis three result shows that religious belief
of couples will significantly have relationship with their level of family
planning. 4.Hypothesis four show that there is a significant difference between
the attitude of the educated couples towards family planning and those who are
illiterates. All the null hypothesis were rejected. This shows that adult
educational programmes has significance influence on the level of family
planning among couples in Ikeja Local Government Area of Lagos State.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background
to the Study
Education
can be described as a dynamic activity which involves an orderly, deliberate
and sustained effort to develop knowledge and skills (Olusakin, 1998). As
Awoniyi (1999) puts it, formal education is a process by which the human mind
develops through learning at school in stages from pre-primary through primary,
secondary to tertiary (university) institution. The present socio-economic
situation in Nigeria has made it obvious that the women must be given sound,
formal education as their male counterparts are given.
According to
Lai (1995), in the olden days, a woman had little or no status as a person in
her own right. In the Nigerian society, women were viewed as their husbands’
properties, and as such, had no say in the affairs of their own home. The
women’s roles were basically those of taking care of their husbands and their
children, their in-laws, the family compound, child-bearing and child rearing.
Also, her place was believed to be naturally, in the kitchen. However, only few
people would deny the functional roles of women in the larger society. Even
through the average Nigerian woman still performs her basic traditional roles
as a daughter to her parents, sister to her siblings, wife to her husband,
mother to her children, daughter or sister inlaw to her husband’s family, she
is economically viable, she contributes financially to the up keep of the
family.
According to
Adiele (2000), the education of the girl-child was not a common phenomenon in
the traditional Nigerian society before independence. In fact, her birth would
not attract so much celebration as that of the male-child, and depending on the
number of female children the mother had given birth to before her, the birth
of an additional girl-child could cause her mother her marriage. This is still
a major problem in some homes even among educated men.
Education
should be considered as a great line of defence for women faced with life
threatening situations that traditional life-styles perpetuate. It opens the
door to a lot of choices that are not found by tradition (Nwagwu, 1996). Grange
(1997) posits that education encourages shaping one’s destiny. The situation of
the educated Nigerian woman steps up beyond the confines of motherhood and
enhances the quality of life in her family.
Therefore,
incessant child-bearing places a woman in a very weak position physically,
economically and psychologically, yet barrenness is viewed as a curse in the
Nigerian society due to high infantile mortality, the capacity to breed was
much valued but advances in the field of medicine have greatly increased the
survival rate among both infants and adults. According to Onyeanwu (2001), the
incessant child-bearing is therefore, no longer necessary, instead, it poses
great danger to the health of the mother and also increased family size that
cannot be supported with the family resources, especially now that the Nigerian
economy has nose-dived and the resultant effect of unemployment among men in
the society.
Therefore,
to improve the living condition of Nigerian families, the life of the women who
are the cornerstone of every household should be improved and the regulation of
the size of the regulation of the size of the size of the regulation of the
size of the nuclear family, through family planning, cannot be overemphasied
(Lai, 1990).
There has
been a lot of discrimination against the female gender. In fact people just see
them as breeding machines, in spite of the availability of family planning. The
dissemination of appropriate and relevant information would lead to the
acquisition of knowledge skills and women empowerment. This can help in
breaking the intractable poverty cycle which many Nigerian families have come
to be associated with due to ignorance of family planning devices and the
attitude of many women towards the application of such devices.
According to
Halsall (1997), if women’s health and status remain poor, if their access to
land and other facilities continue to be limited and if they continue to be
held down by ill-timed or unwanted pregnancies, then the societal development
would be retarded.
1.2Theoretical
Framework
Family
planning refers to the services offered to educate men and women about family
life and the encouragement given to them to achieve their wishes with regards
to the prevention of unwanted pregnancies, securing desired pregnancies,
spacing of pregnancies and limiting the number of children in the interest of
overall family and the family socio-economic status (Enudi, 1986).
According to
Amaechi (2003), the Federal Government released a National Policy on Population
for development, unity, progress and self-reliance in 1988 included as part of
the policy statement was the promotion of awareness among citizens of this
country of population problems and the effect of rapid population growth on
development and also the provision to every one of the necessary information
and education on the value of reasonable family size, the individual family and
the future of the nation on achieving self-reliance.
Ajuzie
(2000) theorizes that the value of family planning on the stability and the
well being of the family need to be taught and the message should reach every
woman since we practice the patriarchal family system because some want to
oppose the idea of family planning and since men are considered as the head of
the family, the decisions regarding the family size and child spacing cannot be
taken by the woman alone. The government should not only design but take
conscious effort to see to the implementation of enlightenment and educative
programme regarding family planning, some of which are:
1. Vaginal douche
2. Diaphragm with cream
3. Cream or jelly alone
4. Use of condom
5. Calendar safe period calculation
6. Intra-urine device (I.U.D.)
7. Use of pills
8. Vasectomu
9. Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL)
Each of
these methods according to Anyanwu (2004) has its own advantages and
disadvantages which should be clearly understood before a choice is made.
1.3Statement
of the Problem
There has
been a lot of discrimination against the female gender. In fact, people just
see them as breeding machines inspite of the availability of family planning.
The
dissemination of appropriate and relevant information on family planning would
lead to the acquisition of knowledge, skills and women empowerment. This can
help to break the intractable poverty cycles that many Nigerian families have
come to be associated with due to the ignorance of family planning devices and
the attitude of many women towards the application of such devices.
According to
Halsall (1977) if women’s health and status remain poor, if their access to
land and other facilities continues to be limited and if they continue to be
held down by lack of information concerning family, unwanted pregnancies and
sexual diseases, the societal development would be retarded. Also, the problem
that is involved in the negligence of family planning cannot be overemphasized.
For example, without family planning there will be population explosion which
could bring about shortage of food and other necessary amenities in the
country. According to Uzomah (2004), women who do not expose themselves to
formal education do not have necessary information, especially on family
planning and majority of them have died in their bid to give birth to children.
This study
therefore, sets out to examine the effect of formal education on the Nigerian
women’s attitude towards family planning.
1.4Purpose
of the Study
The purpose
of this study is to examine the effect of formal education on the attitude of
Nigerian women towards family planning.
Other
specific objectives of the study include:
1. To ascertain the difference in the
attitude of women towards formal education in Nigerian society.
2. To examine whether there is
difference in the attitude of women towards family planning.
3. To examine whether difference
exists between the attitude of women who have formal education and those who
are not.
4. To assess whether there is
difference in the level of awareness of family planning of women with formal
education and those without formal education.
5. To investigate whether there will
be difference in the number of children of women with formal education and the
number of children of those without formal education.
1.5Research
Questions
The
following research questions were posed in this study:
1. Will the attitude of women towards
formal education affect their family planning method?
2. How can we ascertain whether there
is difference in the attitude of women towards formal education?
3. To what extent can we examine
whether there is difference in the attitude of women towards family planning in
Nigeria?
4. Is there any difference between the
attitude of women who are exposed to formal education and those who are not?
5. Is there difference in the level of
awareness of family planning of women with formal education and those without
formal education?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
The
following research hypotheses were raised in this study:
1. There will be no significant
difference in the attitude of women with formal education to family planning
compared to those without formal education.
2. There will be no significant
difference in the level of awareness of family planning of women with formal
education and those with no formal education.
3. There will be no significant
difference in the number of children of women with formal education and the
number of children of those without formal education.
1.7 Significance of the Study
This study
will be beneficial in various ways thus: For instance, The government has
continued to devote a substantial part of her health-care funds to finance
family planning activities with the hope that the adoption of the modern method
and give women a better place in the socio-economic sphere. This study
therefore, examines the effect of formal education on Nigerian women’s attitude
to family planning inspire of various family planning programems and service.
The finding and recommendations in this study will be of immense benefit to
manpower planning , administrators and other programme executors not only in
Lagos Mainland Local Government, but also in Lagos State as a whole. The
findings and recommendation of this study will equally be of benefit to the
couples and other individuals if they will attempt to implement all or most of
the suggestions or recommendations of this study in the interest of women,
children and the entire families in Nigeria.
The school
administrators will no doubt, benefit from the findings and recommendations of
this study. Also the benefit from the exposition this study will put them into
because they will be able to make allowance for a larger enrolment in the short
run. The state government will equally benefit from this study because it will
help her to carry out a better projection or expected needs of the state
population with a view to raising the per capita income.
Finally,
this study will be of great benefit to the population commission officials,
because it will help them to regulate the child birth rate in the country if
the recommendations put across in this study are observed and acted upon.
The society,
will also benefit from this study because it will be a good reference material
to the public, especially adult members of the society. Also students at
various levels will find this study a good reference material.
1.8Scope of
the Study
This study
attempted to examine the effect of formal education on the Nigerian women’s
attitude to family planning in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State.
1.9 Definition
of Terms
Operational
terms were defined in this study thus:
1.
Fertility
Rate: This is the summation of all the fertility obtained from the age specific
rate for each year of child bearing span hence it gives the number of children
per thousand of women without any mortality.
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