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THE PROBLEMS
OF TEACHING BIOLOGY PRACTICALS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
ABSTRACT
This project
was carried out to find out the problems in teaching Biology practicals in
senior secondary schools in Yaba Local Government Area in Lagos state, district
4.
Opoh (2008)
and Onah (2002), observed that Biology practical is the scientific study of the
life and structure of plants and animals and their relative environments in
real or experimental set up. Furthermore, the present researchers findings made
it evident that there are many methods to make Biology practicals more
effective and efficiency in educational system.
Chapter one
and two is the background of the study and the review of related literature
respectively. In chapter three, the research method and overall design of the
study was presented. Chapter four, dealt with data presentation and analysis of
data. The educational findings of the study, recommendation and summary were
contained in chapter 5.references and appendices were inclusive
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
According to
Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary (2000) defined “problems” as a thing that is
difficult to deal with or to understand effectively. According to the Oxford
advanced learner dictionary (2000) defined practical as an ideal method or a
course of action, right or sensible, likely to be successful.
Practical
work is very essential to the effective teaching of students in school. Every
citizen will be able to participate more effectively in any life situation, he
can speak out on questions that involve both biology principles and human
welfare, such knowledge will out come from were bookwork, but from practical
application of the materials learnt to real life situation.
Science is
the study of the natural things around us. Biology being a branch of science
involved the study of living and non living things. (Sanjini, 2001). Similarly,
World Book Encyclopedia (2000), defined Biology as the scientific study of
living thing. Traditionally, biology is divided into two branches Viz; Botany
and study of plants and Zoology the study of animals. Some of the usefulness of
biology were cited by Sarojiet (2001), as follows: it helps;
(1) Scientific research and development of new
tools and techniques which in variably improve the quality of our lives,
(ii) Finding applications in medicine,
dentistry, vetenary, science, agriculture and horticulture,
(iii) Biotechnology which include fields like
genetic engineering and hybridoma technology.
(iv) Dealing with ecological problems such as
over population, food storage, erosion, pollution, and diseases etc.
Biology
practicals is the scientific study of the life and structure of plants and
animals and their relative environment in real or experimental set-up rather
than dwelling in the theory and ideals (Opuh, Eze and Ezeagu (2008). On its
preamble to the international senior secondary school certificate Examination
syllabus, West African Examination council WAEC (1998: 2003), buttresses the
uses of biology practicals in teaching and learning of biology in the secondary
schools. The syllabus was designed to asses candidates in;
(i) Understanding of the structure and function
of living organism as well as appreciation of nature.
(ii) Acquisition of adequate laboratory and
fields skills in order to carry out and evaluate experiments and projects in
biology.
(iii) Acquisition of scientific skills example
observing, classifying and interpreting biology data etc, to its previous
edition WAEC Syllabus (2001), stated that great importance should be attended
to experimental work and we control
experiments, it was recommended that, whenever possible throughout the whole
course candidates should be aware of practical application of what is being
studied.
From the
foregoing, we can understand that biology practical lessons is most essential
for effective teaching and learning of biology in secondary schools. Whereas,
Akinpelu in Aguokogbuo (2002), defined
teaching as a deliberate effort by a matured or experienced person to
impact information, knowledge, skills and so on to immature or less experienced
person. Consequently, national teachers institution NTI (2000) course book on
education, defined learning as the acquisition of new knowledge, ideas, skills,
values and experience which enable the individual to modify or alter his
action. It also involves the utilization of newly acquired knowledge or
experience as well. It further stated that leaning brings about permanents
change to the learners.
The national
policy of education (2004), defined secondary education, as the education
children received after primary educational level and before the tertiary
state. According to post primary school management Board PPSMB statistical
rewards PRs (2000), there are thirty-three secondary schools in Yaba local
government Area in Lagos district 4.
Yaba Local
Government Area, is in Lagos district 4 (Lagos state) The area is predominantly
are urban settlement with a few rural communities some of the secondary schools
in Yaba Local government includes, Aje comprehensive junior high schools, Akoka
junior high school, Belina college, Ciffman college, Eletu Odigbo senior high
school e.t.c
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Biology as a
science subject requires trained technicians and the laboratory attendant
employed. In few schools laboratory attendant are school dropouts with no basic
knowledge of how to prepare specimen for biology practical. In most cases,
these laboratory attendants lack technical know how to operate, maintain repair
or service the few available equipment whom they had broken down. According to
Nwamonu (2003), students perform poorly in biology practical leading to their failure
in biology examinations Similarly, WAEC chief Examiners (2000) reported that
performance of candidate in biology fell below expectation. The report
discussed the candidates weaknesses under the following sub headings;
(i) Poor spelling
(ii) Poor observation
(iii) Poor mathematical skills
(iv) Poor deductive reasoning,
(v) Mis-interpretation of question and
(vi) Poor knowledge of biology. The examiner
lamented that
“there were
many candidates who could not answer correctly a single question in section A.
in most cases, they have wild guesses and quite unrelated answer that were
sometime unbiological”.
Based on the
poor academic performance (2000) stated that the objectives of biology
practicals are not being realized to a satisfactory extent. He pointed out that
the poor academic performance in biology practicals are caused by, lack of well
equipped laboratory, inadequate qualified biology teachers, limited time table
hours, poor observation, poor drawing and
labeling and poor comparism of specimens, etc. these state of affair is
disturbing . It also emphasis on the West Africa School Certificate to Benin
City of Nigeria also observed that the biology laboratory were inadequate. As a
result the students were not adequately involved only practical lessons. The
students only watched teacher’s demonstration exercise.
This study
therefore intends to examine the problems of teaching Biology practical in Yaba
Local Government Area of Lagos district 4.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Based on the
background and problems of this study, the main purpose underlying the project
is to investigate the problem of teaching biology practical in senior secondary
schools (SSIII) in Yaba Local Government Area in Lagos state. The study
specifically seeks to;
1. To determine the problems of teaching
biology practical in senior secondary in Yaba Local Government Area in Lagos District
IV, Lagos state.
2. To determine how equipped the biology
laboratory with necessary apparatus are.
3. To determine the performance of male and
female in the learning of biology practical in senior secondary schools in Yaba
Local Government.
4. To determine whether the urban secondary
schools perform better than rural senior secondary school.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
practical activities in biology are designed to help students acquire basic
scientific skills and improve the performance and achievement as well. The
study tends to uncover the benefits of
biology practicals to the students, parents, teachers, government and
the entire society.
If the
result of this research is properly initialized, it will;
(i) Promote the ideals that science is both
a product and process in students by arousing their interest in biology
practical work.
(ii) Motivate the parents to provide the basic
requirements to practical lessons for their children.
(iii) Convince the biology teachers that
practical lessonaire mostly essential for effective teaching and learning of
biology.
(iv) Make the government, through the ministry
of education to realize the need for provision of science equipment to schools
and posting of qualified biology teachers to secondary schools, it is not the
issue of jack of all trades master of none. Teaching has attained
professionalism and specialization
(vi) Help the Nigerian society in their quest
for improved technology and industrialization.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The
following questions was formulated to guide the study;
(i) What effect has biology practicals on
academic performance of senior secondary school biology students?
(ii) Does female students like biology
practical than male students?
(iii) Which sex (i.e) male or female performs
better in the biology practical?
(iv) Are Biology laboratory well equipped with
necessary apparatus?
(v) Urban senior secondary schools do they
perform better than the rural schools?
(vi) What effectiveness has biology practical
on effective learning?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study of
the research work was specifically based on the, senior secondary school in
Yaba Local Government Area of Lagos District 4. The scope of the study is also
limited to the problems of teaching biology practical in senior secondary
school students SSIII in the area.
1.7 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
- BIOLOGY: Being a branch of science is the
study of living and non-living things.
- BIOLOGY PRACTICALS: This is the
scientific study of the life and structure of plants and animals and their
relative environment in test and experimental set up rather than dwelling in
theories and ideas.
- PROBLEMS: Is defined as a thing that is
difficult to deal with or to understand effectively.
- PRACTICALS: Is defined as an ideal, on
method or a course of action, right or sensible likely to be successful.
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